What Role Does An Industrial Oven Play In The Pre-Treatment Of Licuri Bark? Optimize Activated Carbon Production

Learn how industrial ovens facilitate moisture removal and material separation in Licuri bark to produce high-quality activated carbon precursors.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Radiation Pyrometer In Validating Furnace Simulations? Ensure Model Accuracy

Learn how radiation pyrometers act as the ground truth for furnace simulations by providing precise, non-contact real-time discharge temperature data.

Why Is A Laboratory Vacuum Drying Oven Required For Perovskite Nanopowders? Safeguard Nanostructure And Purity

Learn why vacuum drying is essential for perovskite nanopowders post-milling to prevent thermal sintering and preserve surface area at low heat.

What Role Does A Laboratory Drying Oven Play In The Formation Of Polymer Colloidal Crystal Templates? Mastering 3Dom Foundations

Learn how laboratory drying ovens facilitate controlled evaporation and fcc lattice assembly for 3DOM material templates.

Why Is A High-Precision Heating/Cooling Stage Important For 2D In2Se3 Studies? Secure Precise Phase Transition Data

Learn why thermal stability is vital for 2D In2Se3 phase transitions and how high-precision stages enable accurate Raman and TEM characterization.

What Are The Advantages Of Using High-Purity Alumina Crucibles? Achieve Precise Cast Iron Phase Equilibrium Data

Discover why high-purity alumina crucibles are essential for cast iron experiments, offering chemical stability and preventing melt contamination.

Why Is 500°C Thermal Stabilization Necessary For Titania Supports? Ensure Catalyst Stability And Performance

Learn why 500°C thermal stabilization is vital for titania supports to lock in surface area and prevent structural shrinkage during catalysis.

How Does A Laboratory Drying Oven Contribute To Maintaining Material Activity? Preserve Catalyst Performance Easily

Learn how laboratory drying ovens preserve catalyst activity by preventing agglomeration and protecting pore structures during solvent removal.

Why Is A High-Purity Argon Flow Control System Essential? Ensure Precision In Metallurgy Simulations

Learn why precise argon flow control is critical for quasi-static bubble formation and accurate surface tension measurements in metallurgy.

What Are The Benefits Of Vibration Sensors And Lstm For Rotary Furnace Diagnosis? Gain 94% Predictive Accuracy

Learn how vibration sensors and LSTM networks deliver 94% failure forecast accuracy and 72-hour lead times for rotary furnace maintenance.

How Do Industrial Cameras And Cnn Improve Surface Defect Detection? Revolutionize Qc With 95%+ Accuracy

Discover how industrial cameras and CNN algorithms identify nanoscale defects and reduce scrap rates in high-temperature component manufacturing.

Why Is A Vacuum Drying Oven Essential In The Synthesis Of Cucl Nano-Arrays? Protect Purity And Performance

Learn how vacuum drying prevents oxidation, preserves nano-array morphology, and ensures deep moisture removal in nickel foam-based synthesis.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Precision Oven For Hap-Fe3O4 Drying? Achieve 110°C Stability & High Porosity

Learn why a precision oven at 110°C is essential for drying HAp-Fe3O4 composites to ensure structural stability and maximum adsorption efficiency.

Why Is A Blast Drying Oven Required For The Pretreatment Of Chromite Pellets? Prevent Structural Failure & Steam Cracks

Learn why 105 °C blast drying is essential for chromite pellets to prevent steam-induced cracks and ensure accuracy in high-temp reduction experiments.

What Is The Core Function Of A Customized Chlorination Reactor? Optimize Ta-C Composite Cvd Preparation

Learn how chlorination reactors convert solid tantalum into gaseous TaCl5 precursors at 400°C for high-performance CVD coating processes.

Why Is A Forced Air Drying Oven Essential After Molding Biomass Briquettes? Enhance Fuel Quality & Strength

Discover why forced air drying ovens are critical for biomass briquettes, from moisture removal and calorific accuracy to binder gelatinization.

What Is The Role Of A Ventilated Oven In The Drying Pretreatment Of Uranium Tailings? Ensure Safety And Flowability

Learn why ventilated ovens are critical for uranium tailings pretreatment, ensuring moisture removal, pressure safety, and optimal flowability.

How Does Staged Combustion In Double-P Radiant Tubes Suppress Nox? Advanced Emission Control Solutions

Learn how staged combustion and multi-stage nozzles reduce NOx by lowering peak flame temperatures and diluting reactant concentration.

What Is The Significance Of Using A Vacuum Drying Oven? Optimize Supercapacitor Electrode Performance

Learn how vacuum drying ovens enhance supercapacitor efficiency by removing micropore contaminants and preventing oxidation during pretreatment.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Laboratory Drying Oven In Cotton Stalk Pyrolysis? Ensure Data Integrity

Learn why pre-treating cotton stalks at 105°C in a laboratory drying oven is essential for accurate TGA and pyrolysis product consistency.

What Roles Does A Laboratory Oven Play In Biochar Production? Enhance Efficiency And Accuracy In Thermal Processing

Discover how laboratory ovens optimize biochar production through precise moisture control, pre-treatment efficiency, and accurate post-treatment analysis.

Why Are Nitrogen Cylinders And Flow Meters Necessary During Biomass Pyrolysis? Control Atmosphere For Peak Yields

Learn how nitrogen and flow meters prevent combustion and control volatile residence time to optimize biochar and bio-oil production.

Why Must The Reaction Containers Be Sealed Within A Fused Quartz Tube? Protect Your Crystal Growth Integrity

Learn why fused quartz tubes are essential for Eu5.08-xSrxAl3Sb6 crystal growth, preventing oxidation and providing high-temp structural support.

How Are Expansion Compensation Devices Modeled In High-Temp Simulations? Enhance Accuracy With Self-Compensation Modeling

Learn how to model spring suspension systems in high-temperature simulations by allowing Z-axis movement to accurately predict thermal stress relief.

Why Is A Vacuum Drying Oven Used For Bc-Feooh Biochar? Protect Reactivity And Prevent Particle Aggregation

Learn why vacuum drying is essential for BC-FeOOH biochar synthesis to prevent oxidation and ensure high surface area via low-temp evaporation.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Vacuum Oven For La-Cote2 Battery Electrodes? Ensure Purity & Performance

Learn how vacuum ovens optimize La-CoTe2 electrode drying by preventing oxidation and accelerating moisture removal at low temperatures.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Vacuum Drying Oven In Catalyst And Electrode Treatment? Ensure Material Integrity

Learn how laboratory vacuum drying ovens preserve catalyst precursors and electrode sheets by removing solvents at low temperatures under vacuum.

What Is The Technical Value Of Using A Narrowband Infrared Pyrometer? Expert Precision For High-Temp Measurement

Discover why narrowband pyrometers outperform broadband detectors through emissivity stability and the ability to measure targets through barriers.

What Are The Functions Of A High Vacuum Mechanical Pump In Ga2O3 Peto? Ensure Purity In Film Preparation

Learn the critical roles of mechanical pumps in Gallium Oxide PETO: from pre-oxidation evacuation to maintaining plasma stability and purity.

What Is The Function Of A Vacuum Drying Oven For Biochar Ftir Analysis? Ensure High-Purity Sample Preparation

Learn how vacuum drying ovens remove moisture and prevent oxidation in biochar composites to ensure accurate FTIR spectral data and chemical clarity.

What Is The Technical Necessity Of Sealing Quartz Ampoules At 10^-5 Mbar For Cvt? Ensure Crystal Purity

Learn why a 10^-5 mbar vacuum is critical for Chemical Vapor Transport (CVT) to prevent oxidation and ensure precise crystal stoichiometry.

Why Is A Stainless Steel Autoclave With A Teflon Liner Necessary For Bivo4? Ensure Purity & High Performance

Learn why a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave is vital for synthesizing BiVO4 nanostructures while preventing contamination and corrosion.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Laboratory Electric Drying Oven In Acbp Production? Ensure Precise Pre-Treatment

Learn why moisture control in a lab drying oven is critical for high-quality Banana Peel Activated Carbon production and chemical activation.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Forced-Air Drying Oven At 100 °C? Optimize Fe3O4@Fe-Ac Composite Synthesis

Learn why 100 °C pre-drying is essential for Fe3O4@Fe-AC composites, from removing moisture to preventing structural collapse during carbonization.

Flash Pyrolyser Vs. Tga: Which Is Best For Assessing Rdf As A Blast Furnace Reducing Agent?

Learn why Flash Pyrolysis is superior to TGA for RDF assessment, featuring heating rates up to 20,000 °C/s to simulate real blast furnace conditions.

What Is The Function Of A Drying Oven For Oil Shale Semi-Coke? Achieve Precise Sample Standardization

Learn why drying oil shale semi-coke at 105°C for 24 hours is essential for accurate elemental analysis and thermogravimetric precision.

What Role Does A Laboratory Oven Play In Lignin Nanofiber Stabilization? Unlock Precision Thermal Cross-Linking

Learn how laboratory ovens facilitate oxidative stabilization of lignin nanofibers through precise temperature control and air-based heating.

What Are The Advantages Of Using The Do Radiation Model In High-Temp Furnaces? Boost Precision & Emission Control

Learn how the Discrete Ordinates (DO) model provides high-precision thermal mapping and accurate NOx prediction for high-temperature furnaces.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Vacuum Drying Oven In The Preparation Of 6Fda-Tfdb Dense Membranes?

Learn how laboratory vacuum drying ovens ensure defect-free 6FDA-TFDB membranes through precise solvent evaporation and molecular solidification.

How Does A Laboratory Vacuum Drying Oven Contribute To The Post-Processing Stage Of Pbn-Ctf Products?

Learn how vacuum drying ovens remove solvents and protect the porous structure of pBN-CTF materials for superior adsorption performance.

What Are The Process Advantages Of Using A Microwave Hydrothermal High-Pressure Reactor? Master V-Nbopo4@Rgo Synthesis

Unlock rapid nucleation, uniform heating, and precise morphology control for V-NbOPO4@rGO composites using microwave hydrothermal technology.

How Is Mechanochemical Grinding Used In Lithium Battery Recovery? Unlock Efficient Solid-State Material Repair

Learn how high-energy ball mills drive solid-state reactions at room temperature to repair lithium battery cathode structures with less energy.

What Are The Advantages Of 0.7 Mm Quartz Capillaries For Sxrd? Optimize High-Energy In-Situ X-Ray Experiments

Learn why 0.7 mm high-purity quartz capillaries are the gold standard for in-situ SXRD, offering X-ray transparency and stability up to 1000°C.

Why Is High-Purity Argon Gas Used To Purge The Furnace? Ensure Precision In Tga Oxidation Kinetic Tests

Learn why high-purity argon purging is essential for TGA tests to eliminate atmospheric contaminants and secure accurate kinetic data integrity.

What Are The Process Advantages Of Using A Vacuum Oven For Drying Adsorbent Precursors? Ensure Chemical Uniformity

Discover why vacuum drying is essential for adsorbent precursors, preventing chemical migration and oxidation while ensuring uniform pore structures.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Laboratory Electric Oven In Food Waste Torrefaction? Ensure Accurate Sample Prep

Learn how laboratory electric ovens standardize moisture content at 105°C to ensure precise and reproducible food waste torrefaction results.

What Is The Function Of A High Alumina Crucible In Chloride Salt Purification? Protect Purity And Thermal Stability

Learn how high alumina crucibles enable contamination-free dehydration of hygroscopic chloride salts at temperatures exceeding 200 °C.

What Is The Primary Role Of A Vacuum Drying Oven In Wo3 Nanostructure Preparation? Achieve Perfect Morphology

Learn how vacuum drying ovens preserve WO3 hollow spherical nanostructures by minimizing capillary forces and lowering evaporation temperatures.

What Is The Function Of A Forced Air Drying Oven In The Dehydration Of Acid-Washed Zeolite? Ensure Sample Purity.

Learn why forced air ovens are critical for dehydrating acid-washed zeolite at 120°C to ensure uniform heating and prevent material agglomeration.

Why Is The Transformation Of Zns To Zno Critical In Microwave-Assisted Zinc Recovery? Unlock 92.5% Extraction Yields

Learn how converting sphalerite to zincite overcomes chemical resistance, utilizing negative Gibbs free energy to boost zinc recovery from 39% to 92%.

How Does A High-Power Microwave Reactor Facilitate The Thermal Treatment Of Zinc Clinker? Rapid Phase Transformation

Learn how microwave reactors use dielectric heating and magnetite to transform zinc clinker, creating micro-cracks for enhanced leaching efficiency.

Why Is A Glassy Carbon Boat Preferred Over An Alumina Crucible For Na3Cu4Se4? Ensuring Phase Purity In Flux Synthesis

Learn why glassy carbon boats are essential for Na3Cu4Se4 synthesis, offering superior chemical resistance against corrosive alkali metal fluxes.

Why Is A Vacuum Drying Oven Necessary For N-Gc-X Catalysts? Preserve Active Sites & Ensure Long-Term Stability

Learn why vacuum drying is essential for N-GC-X catalysts to prevent oxidative degradation and maintain pyridinic nitrogen active site stability.

What Is The Function Of High-Alumina Ceramic Boats? Ensure Purity In I-Nc Catalyst Synthesis

Learn how high-alumina ceramic boats provide chemical inertness and thermal stability for I-NC catalyst synthesis up to 900°C.

What Are The Process Advantages Of Using A Vacuum Oven For Drying Electrode Slurries? Superior Quality Over Blast Drying

Unlock better electrode performance: learn how vacuum drying prevents cracking and binder migration compared to standard blast drying methods.

How Does A Precision Carbon Dioxide Gas Flow Control System Influence The Precipitation Of High-Purity Lithium Carbonate?

Learn how precise CO2 flow control regulates pH and kinetics to produce battery-grade lithium carbonate with maximum purity and yield.

What Is The Significance Of Using A Quartz Boat As A Catalyst Carrier? Optimize Purity And Kinetics In Ccvd

Discover why quartz boats are essential for CCVD, offering chemical inertness and optimal gas-solid contact for high-purity material synthesis.

Why Is A Reaction Vessel With Pressure Control Necessary For Ru Nanoparticle Synthesis? Achieve Precision Morphology

Learn why stable pressure is vital for synthesizing hourglass-shaped ruthenium nanoparticles with active step-edges via controlled decomposition.

What Function Does A Water Quenching Tank Serve In Ni-Ti Alloy Heat Treatment? Lock In Superelasticity & Shape Memory

Learn how water quenching tanks stabilize Ni-Ti alloy microstructures, prevent precipitates, and ensure superior shape memory performance.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Drying Oven In The Preparation Of Solid Bismuth Molybdate Materials? Expert Tips

Learn why laboratory drying ovens are critical for stabilizing bismuth molybdate precursors, preventing agglomeration, and ensuring material quality.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Blast Drying Oven? Ensure Accurate Oil Sludge Incineration Analysis

Learn why blast drying ovens are critical for oil sludge pretreatment to ensure mass balance accuracy and combustion stability.

What Are The Advantages Of Using High-Purity Platinum Crucibles? Ensure Absolute Data Integrity In Magnetite Oxidation

Discover why high-purity platinum crucibles are essential for isothermal oxidation of magnetite, ensuring chemical inertness and TGA data accuracy.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Vacuum Drying Oven? Ensure Accurate Powder Characterization And Material Integrity

Learn why vacuum drying is essential for powder pre-treatment. Protect porous structures, prevent oxidation, and ensure accurate BET analysis.

What Is The Critical Role Of The Vacuum Filter In A Waste Magnesium Vacuum Distillation System? The Essential Protection For Your Vacuum Pump

Discover how a vacuum filter protects your pump from abrasive magnesium dust, ensuring system longevity and stable operation in magnesium distillation.

Why Is The Use Of High-Purity Alumina Crucibles Essential For The Synthesis Of Ni3In2Se2? | Precision Material Purity

Learn why high-purity alumina crucibles are critical for Ni3In2Se2 synthesis, ensuring chemical inertness and stability during 1000°C thermal soaking.

What Function Does A Laboratory Drying Oven Serve In The Processing Of Pzt Precursor Powders? Optimize Ceramic Quality

Learn why the drying stage is critical for PZT precursor powders, focusing on solvent evaporation, temperature control, and preventing agglomeration.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Operating A Laboratory Oven At 383 K For 24 Hours? Precision Drying For Carbon Prep

Learn why drying waste wood at 383 K for 24 hours is essential for achieving constant weight and precise mass ratios in activated carbon production.

What Is The Necessity Of A Cylindrical Condenser In A Microwave-Assisted Metal Reduction System? Key Protection Insights

Discover why cylindrical condensers are vital for microwave-assisted metal reduction, protecting vacuum pumps and ensuring environmental safety.

What Is The Necessity Of Using A Laboratory Vacuum Drying Oven? Preserving Porous Carbon Integrity

Learn why vacuum drying is essential for porous carbon: it removes deep moisture at low temperatures to prevent oxidation and structural collapse.

Why Is An Electric Heating Oven Required For Laser Cladding Pre-Treatment? Ensure High-Density Alxcocrcuyfeni Coatings

Learn why electric heating ovens are essential for pre-treating AlxCoCrCuyFeNi coatings to prevent porosity and splashing during laser cladding.

Why Is It Necessary To Dry Industrial Eaf Slag Before Hydrogen Reduction? Crucial Safety And Accuracy Prep

Learn why drying EAF slag at 120°C for 12 hours is essential to prevent violent splashing and ensure precise data in hydrogen reduction experiments.

What Role Does A Laboratory Oven Play When Coating Nanocomposite Powders? Master Thin Film Sensor Fabrication

Discover how laboratory ovens facilitate controlled solvent removal to ensure dense, crack-free nanocomposite coatings on alumina substrates.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Vacuum Drying Oven For Biocl Precursors? Ensure Purity And Sintering Efficiency

Discover how vacuum drying ovens optimize BiOCl precursors by preventing oxidation, maintaining a loose powder state, and ensuring chemical purity.

What Is The Function Of Molybdenum Disulfide (Mos2) Coating On Molds During Vacuum Hot Press Sintering? Protect Your Samples And Molds From Damage

Learn how MoS2 coating acts as a high-temperature lubricant and barrier to prevent sample-mold adhesion and ensure smooth demolding in sintering.

How Are Laboratory Ovens And Analytical Balances Used For Banana Powder Moisture Content? Precision Testing Guide

Learn the oven-drying method for banana powder moisture analysis: combining thermal extraction at 105°C with high-precision gravimetric weighing.

Why Must High-Pressure Microwave Reaction Vessels Maintain Excellent Sealing Performance? Ensure Carbon Synthesis Success

Learn why superior sealing is critical for carbon nanosphere synthesis, enabling 180°C+ temperatures and safe high-pressure environments.

What Are The Core Advantages Of Using A Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis System? Rapid & Uniform Cns Production

Discover how microwave hydrothermal synthesis systems accelerate carbon nanosphere production with direct molecular heating and superior uniformity.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Oven In Mushroom Dehydration? Master Pre-Treatment For Precise Biochemical Analysis

Learn how laboratory ovens stabilize edible mushroom samples by removing bound water and halting enzymatic activity for accurate nutrient analysis.

What Necessary Conditions Does A Vacuum Drying Oven Provide For Geopolymers? Optimize Your Curing And Molding Process

Learn why 60°C and 24-hour vacuum curing are vital for geopolymer integrity, preventing cracks and ensuring a stable aluminosilicate network.

Why Is A Constant Temperature And Humidity Curing Chamber Essential For Geopolymerization? Ensure Structural Strength

Learn why constant temperature and humidity control is critical for geopolymer curing to prevent cracks and ensure optimal C-A-S-H gel formation.

Why Is A Laboratory Drying Oven Necessary For Co-Zr Iron Oxide Nanopowders? Protect Material Integrity & Purity

Learn why laboratory drying ovens are critical for processing synthesized nanomaterials by preventing agglomeration and chemical degradation.

What Advantages Does A Vacuum Drying Oven Offer? Superior Chemical Stability & Efficient Dehydration

Learn how vacuum drying ovens lower boiling points, prevent oxidation, and eliminate surface hardening for heat-sensitive chemical samples.

Why Is An Industrial Electric Drying Oven Required For Catalyst Support Precursors? Secure Pore Integrity

Learn why 120 °C overnight treatment in an industrial oven is critical for converting wet gels to dry gels while preventing pore collapse.

What Is The Purpose Of A Ptfe-Lined Autoclave In Tio2 Synthesis? Unlock Precision Nano-Material Growth

Learn why stainless steel autoclaves with PTFE liners are essential for the hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 nanowires and nanotubes.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Electric Thermostatic Drying Oven In Zif-8/Zif-67 Prep? Ensure Mof Integrity

Learn why a laboratory electric thermostatic drying oven at 60°C is vital for solvent removal and structural preservation of ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 MOFs.

What Function Does An Electric Blast Drying Oven Serve In Fluorite Tailings Activation? Ensure Process Precision

Learn why electric blast drying ovens are critical for moisture removal and achieving constant weight in fluorite tailings activation.

What Is The Function Of Alumina Crucibles In Ybco Synthesis? Ensure Purity & Stability In Superconductor Production

Learn why high-purity alumina crucibles are essential for YBCO superconducting samples, providing chemical inertness and thermal stability up to 1000°C.

Why Is A Vacuum Drying Oven Utilized For Al2O3/Ptfe Powder? Prevent Defects And Ensure Composite Density

Learn how vacuum drying prevents agglomeration and sintering defects in Al2O3/PTFE composites by removing moisture at low temperatures.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Vacuum Drying Oven In Lnmo Electrode Slurry Preparation? Master Solvent Removal

Learn how vacuum drying ovens stabilize LNMO electrode slurries by removing NMP solvent, preventing defects and ensuring superior adhesion.

What Is The Impact Of Using A Vacuum Drying Oven On Cdi Electrodes? Optimize Stability And Conductivity

Learn how vacuum drying enhances CDI electrode performance through solvent extraction, densification, and improved electrical contact.

How Does Hot-Press Sintering Contribute To Manufacturing High-Density Ta-Al-C Max Phase Ceramics? Optimize Consolidation

Learn how hot-press sintering eliminates porosity and achieves >95% density in Ta-Al-C ceramics through simultaneous heat and uniaxial pressure.

Why Is Stepped Temperature Control On A Laboratory Hotplate Necessary For Drying Sensor Active Layers? Boost Precision

Learn how stepped temperature control prevents defects like pinholes and cracks, ensuring dense, high-performance sensor active layers.

What Are The Benefits Of Integrating Heating Elements And Thermocouple Systems? Enhance Precision For Ecap Processing

Discover how integrated heating and thermocouples improve ECAP die performance with precise temperature control and real-time monitoring.

How Does The Choice Of High-Purity Ceramic Crucibles Impact Glass Phantoms? Unlock Optical Precision In Sintering

Learn how high-purity ceramic crucibles ensure thermal stability and chemical inertness for high-quality optical glass phantom production.

How Does An Electric Heating System Ensure Stable Ignition During Coal Gasification? Achieving Reliable Process Control

Learn how electric heating rods and precision control systems ensure stable coal gasification ignition through uniform thermal regulation.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A High-Purity Argon System For Alcocrfeni Melting? Preserve Alloy Stoichiometry

Learn how high-purity argon prevents elemental volatilization and oxidation during vacuum melting of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys.

How Does A Constant Temperature Environment Maintain Experimental Validity? Ensuring Precision In Sulfate Attack Tests

Learn how maintaining a constant 20 °C environment stabilizes chemical kinetics and ion migration during periodic sulfate solution replacement.

How Does The Ald Process Ensure Effective Passivation On Ws2 Surfaces? Achieve Superior Dielectric Integrity

Learn how ALD's self-limiting reactions create dense HfO2 layers on WS2, preserving the Van der Waals interface for high-performance electronics.

How Do High-Precision Mass Flow Controllers (Mfc) Contribute To The Synthesis Of Mos2 In A Cvd System? Achieve Monolayers

Learn how high-precision MFCs regulate chamber pressure and precursor transport to ensure uniform, monolayer MoS2 growth in CVD systems.

What Is The Purpose Of Introducing A Pure Iron Interlayer Between The Titanium Layer And The Steel Layer? Enhancing Bond Integrity

Learn how a pure iron interlayer prevents brittle phases and microcracks in titanium-steel composite plates by acting as a critical diffusion barrier.