What Is The Specific Purpose Of Using A Graphite Crucible Equipped With A Plug During The Melting Process Of Mg3Sb2?

Learn how a graphite crucible plug prevents magnesium volatilization to ensure precise stoichiometric balance during Mg3Sb2 synthesis.

What Are The Core Functions Of Graphite Molds In The Hot Press Sintering Process Of Nb-22.5Cr-5Si Alloys? Find Out Now

Learn how graphite molds act as pressure transmission media and thermal regulators for densifying Nb-22.5Cr-5Si alloys at 1250°C.

What Is The Function Of The Circulating Water Cooling System? Optimize Pyrolysis Oil Condensation And Yield

Learn how circulating water cooling systems drive phase separation in pyrolysis, converting volatile vapors into liquid fuel and syngas.

How Does A Displacement Measurement Device Ensure Data Validity? Mastering Iron Ore Softening Shrinkage Accuracy

Learn how a 900°C reference point isolates metallurgical shrinkage from thermal expansion to ensure valid iron ore pellet testing data.

What Is The Importance Of Defining Accurate Heat Transfer Coefficients For Slag? Master Thermal Stress Prediction

Learn how precise heat transfer coefficients and thermal contact resistance prevent cracking by modeling shrinkage gaps in slag simulations.

What Advantages Does Peat Char Offer Compared To Traditional Charcoal? Boost Your Furnace Efficiency By 22%

Discover how the porous structure of peat char reduces furnace preheating time by 50 minutes and cuts fuel consumption by 22.1%.

Why Is A Mixture Of Argon And Hydrogen Used For 2D In2Se3? Optimize Growth And Prevent Oxidation

Learn how an Argon-Hydrogen mixture facilitates precursor gasification and ensures high-purity crystalline quality in 2D In2Se3 synthesis.

How Does A Cooling Circulation Unit Assist In Plastic Pyrolysis? Optimize Bio-Oil & Gas Separation

Learn how cooling circulation units use precise temperature control to separate plastic pyrolysis vapors into liquid bio-oil and syngas.

What Is The Role Of Industrial Electric Drying Ovens In Fdssc Titanium Photoanode Treatment? Enhance Solar Efficiency

Learn how industrial electric drying ovens transform TiO2 paste into high-performance photoanodes for flexible solar cells through precise annealing.

What Is The Function Of A Radio Frequency (Rf) Plasma Sputtering System? Precision Ptnp Underlayer Fabrication

Learn how RF plasma sputtering creates uniform PtNP underlayers on 316L stainless steel to enhance adhesion and conductivity.

Why Is A Standard Constant Temperature And Humidity Curing Box Used For Magnesium Slag Mortar? Key Pre-Treatment Facts

Learn why high-humidity curing is critical for magnesium slag mortar pre-treatment to establish pore structure and strength before carbonization.

Why Is The Melt-Diffusion Technique Employed At 155 °C For Sulfur Cathode Composites? Master Precise Infiltration

Learn why 155 °C is the critical temperature for sulfur infiltration to minimize viscosity and maximize cathode performance.

How Does Cfd Simulation Software Optimize Fuel Combustion? Transform Furnace Efficiency With Digital Twins

Learn how CFD simulation optimizes combustion through conservation equations, chemical kinetics, and flame stability modeling to reduce costs.

What Is The Function Of Mass Flow Controllers (Mfc) In The Gas Proportioning Process For Co-Combustion Experiments?

Learn how Mass Flow Controllers (MFCs) enable precise gas delivery and stoichiometric control for NOx formation analysis in combustion studies.

How Does The Use Of Carbon Dioxide And A Flow Meter Impact The Physical Activation Of Biochar? Master Pore Development

Learn how CO2 etching and precise flow regulation transform biochar into high-activity adsorbents by maximizing microporosity and surface area.

Why Is Mbe Preferred Over Tube Furnaces For 2D Gallium? Achieve Ultra-Pure Atomic Deposition

Learn why ultra-high vacuum MBE is essential for 2D gallium deposition to prevent oxidation and ensure successful atomic-layer intercalation.

What Is The Technical Significance Of Using A Quartz Boat In 2D Superlattice Preparation? Enhancing Cvd Precision

Learn how quartz boats enable precise Bi2Te3-Sb2Te3 superlattice growth through chemical inertness and magnetic mobility in CVD processes.

What Are The Advantages Of The Sol-Gel Nitrate Combustion Method? Achieve Atomic-Level Purity In Oxide Synthesis

Discover why sol-gel nitrate combustion outperforms solid-state methods for Ba0.95La0.05(Fe1-xYx)O3-δ through lower temperatures and high purity.

What Is The Role Of Specialized Sealing Ferrules In Heating Experiments? Ensure Hermetic Isolation And Purity

Learn how specialized sealing ferrules maintain quartz capillary environments by preventing heat loss and atmospheric contamination.

Why Are Silicon Carbide Crucibles Selected For C95800 Aluminum Bronze? Ensure Purity & Efficiency

Learn why SiC crucibles are essential for C95800 aluminum bronze, offering chemical resistance, thermal efficiency, and high metallurgical purity.

Why Is Long-Term Naoh Immersion Required For Porous Carbon? Optimize Your Template Removal & Surface Area

Learn why long-term NaOH immersion is essential for removing silica templates and maximizing surface area in porous carbon structures.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Oven In Mushroom Dehydration? Master Pre-Treatment For Precise Biochemical Analysis

Learn how laboratory ovens stabilize edible mushroom samples by removing bound water and halting enzymatic activity for accurate nutrient analysis.

Why Use High-Precision Temperature Control In Cvd For Ito Thin Films? Master Atom-Level Engineering Accuracy

Discover how high-precision temperature control at 1100°C optimizes grain size, lattice strain, and chemical uniformity in ITO thin film CVD.

What Is The Necessity Of The Subsequent Pyrolysis Step In Zns-Cfc Preparation? Unlocking High-Performance Carbonization

Learn why pyrolysis is critical for ZnS-CFC composites, focusing on carbonization, conductivity, and anchoring nanoparticles for electrode stability.

What Is The Role Of An Electric Blast Drying Oven In The Pretreatment Of Sbd? Optimize Your Biomass Research

Learn how electric blast drying ovens stabilize biomass digestate solids (SBD) by removing moisture, saving energy, and protecting equipment.

Why Do Axial Flame Burners Produce High Nox? Managing Thermal Intensity In Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion

Learn why axial flame burners generate high NOx emissions under OEC and how concentrated heat zones and lack of dilution drive thermal kinetics.

What Is The Purpose Of Using S-Type Thermocouples For Reheating Furnace Model Validation? Ensure Simulation Accuracy

Learn how S-type thermocouples and thermal recorders provide the ground truth data needed to validate and calibrate CFD models for steel reheating.

Why Is Thermogravimetric Analysis (Tga) Necessary For Modified Hard Carbon? Optimize Stability & Composition

Discover why TGA is critical for evaluating modified hard carbon, from quantifying sulfur content to identifying thermal stability limits.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Aluminum Crucibles For Siloxane Research? Maximize Thermal Precision And Data Accuracy

Learn how aluminum crucibles enhance siloxane research through superior thermal conductivity, chemical stability up to 250°C, and pressure management.

What Are The Applications Of Inline Pecvd In Solar Cell Passivation? Maximize Efficiency With Precision Thin-Film Layers

Learn how Inline PECVD optimizes solar cells through SiNx, AlOx, and a-Si:H deposition for superior passivation and anti-reflection performance.

Why Is A Platinum-Gold Alloy Crucible Utilized During The Glass Melting Process? Achieve Unmatched Purity

Learn how platinum-gold alloy crucibles withstand 1500°C and prevent contamination to ensure optical clarity in glass production.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Vacuum Drying Oven In Carbon Nitride Catalyst Processing? Ensure Optimal Performance

Learn why vacuum drying is critical for preserving the structure, porosity, and surface chemistry of co-doped carbon nitride catalysts at 60 °C.

What Are The Process Advantages Of Using A Vacuum Oven For Drying Electrode Slurries? Superior Quality Over Blast Drying

Unlock better electrode performance: learn how vacuum drying prevents cracking and binder migration compared to standard blast drying methods.

How Do Vibrational Feeder Specifications Impact Rotary Kiln Efficiency? Optimize Your Lab's Material Flow & Stability

Learn how vibrational feeder specs control filling rates and thermal dynamics to maximize rotary kiln production efficiency.

What Role Does A Pid Controller Play In The Calcination Process Of Eggshells? Precision Control For Pure Calcium Oxide

Learn how PID controllers ensure precise 800°C calcination, preventing sintering and preserving the porous structure of eggshell-derived CaO.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Quartz Tube For High-Temp Dielectric Measurements? Optimize Accuracy & Stability

Learn why quartz tubes are essential for dielectric measurements, offering electromagnetic transparency and thermal resistance up to 1200°C.

How Does A Mass Flow Controller (Mfc) Regulate Tcnf Morphology? Achieve Precise Carbon Nanofiber Growth

Learn how Mass Flow Controllers (MFC) dictate TCNF morphology by managing gas ratios and reducing atmospheres for thin-walled tubular growth.

What Is The Significance Of Using A Quartz Boat As A Catalyst Carrier? Optimize Purity And Kinetics In Ccvd

Discover why quartz boats are essential for CCVD, offering chemical inertness and optimal gas-solid contact for high-purity material synthesis.

Why Is The Precise Regulation Of Oxygen Ratios Via Mass Flow Controllers Critical For Mctv Catalyst Yield?

Discover why high-precision oxygen regulation via mass flow controllers is the key to maximizing VCM selectivity and MCTV catalyst yield.

Why Is A Reaction Vessel With Pressure Control Necessary For Ru Nanoparticle Synthesis? Achieve Precision Morphology

Learn why stable pressure is vital for synthesizing hourglass-shaped ruthenium nanoparticles with active step-edges via controlled decomposition.

How Does An Aluminum Oxide Crucible Ensure Mxene Purity? Key Role Of Lss Etching Protection

Learn how Aluminum Oxide Crucibles provide chemical stability and corrosion resistance to protect MXene purity during LSS etching processes.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of An Industrial Blast Drying Oven For Si/Hc-X? Optimize Biomass Material Pretreatment

Learn why 150°C pretreatment in blast drying ovens is essential for removing bound water and stabilizing Si/HC-X biomass before carbonization.

Why Is A Glassy Carbon Boat Preferred Over An Alumina Crucible For Na3Cu4Se4? Ensuring Phase Purity In Flux Synthesis

Learn why glassy carbon boats are essential for Na3Cu4Se4 synthesis, offering superior chemical resistance against corrosive alkali metal fluxes.

What Are Positive Thermal Coefficient (Ptc) Materials? Self-Regulating Heaters For Ultimate Safety & Efficiency

Discover how PTC heating elements work. These smart materials self-regulate temperature, offering inherent safety, energy efficiency, and long life for your thermal designs.

What Are The Core Functions Of High-Purity Graphite Molds And Graphite Paper In Sps? Optimize Sintering Quality

Learn how graphite molds and paper drive Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) through Joule heating, pressure transmission, and chemical isolation.

What Function Does A Laboratory Drying Oven Serve In The Processing Of Pzt Precursor Powders? Optimize Ceramic Quality

Learn why the drying stage is critical for PZT precursor powders, focusing on solvent evaporation, temperature control, and preventing agglomeration.

What Is The Necessity Of A Cylindrical Condenser In A Microwave-Assisted Metal Reduction System? Key Protection Insights

Discover why cylindrical condensers are vital for microwave-assisted metal reduction, protecting vacuum pumps and ensuring environmental safety.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Single-Mode Microwave Generator? Precision Heating For Metal Recovery

Discover how single-mode microwave generators provide superior field uniformity and high heating rates for precise metal recovery experiments.

What Function Does The Ar/H2 Mixed Gas Serve In Snse Growth? Enhance Purity And Transport In Thin Film Vapor Deposition

Learn how High-purity Ar/H2 mixed gas acts as a carrier and reductive agent to ensure high-purity, oxide-free Tin Selenide (SnSe) thin film growth.

What Is The Function Of A Vacuum Ampoule During The Synthesis Of Zngep2? Ensure Purity And Chemical Stability

Learn how vacuum ampoules enable ZnGeP2 synthesis by preventing oxidation, managing phosphorus pressure, and maintaining stoichiometric precision.

What Are The Functions Of Hydrogen Gas For Graphene On Silver? Enhance Crystallinity & Stability

Learn how hydrogen acts as a stabilizer and cleaner to prevent silver evaporation and improve graphene crystallinity in CVD.

How Does A Needle Valve Control Silver Foil Surface Quality For Graphene Growth? Prevent Defects With Pressure Control.

Learn how needle valves regulate chamber pressure to suppress silver evaporation and ensure defect-free substrates for high-quality graphene growth.

What Is The Function Of A Mass Flow Controller (Mfc)? Achieve Precise Ethanol Vapor Delivery For Graphene Synthesis

Learn how Mass Flow Controllers (MFCs) regulate carrier gases at micro-flow rates to ensure high-quality graphene synthesis on silver substrates.

Why Is Ar/H2 Flow Control Critical For V2O5 Nanosheet Cvd? Master Redox Potential And Morphology

Learn how precise Ar/H2 gas flow control dictates redox potential, growth kinetics, and phase purity in V2O5 nanosheet CVD processes.

What Is The Role Of An Igbt Transistor Heating Power Supply In Induction Heating Evaporation Processes For Magnesium Powder? Master Precision Control For Superior Powder Quality

Discover how an IGBT power supply ensures precise temperature control and stable evaporation for consistent magnesium powder yield and particle size.

Why Is High-Temperature Hydrogen Reduction Used For Hi Decomposition Catalysts? Boost Efficiency And Surface Purity

Learn how high-temperature hydrogen reduction optimizes catalyst surface chemistry and lowers energy barriers for superior HI decomposition.

What Roles Do The Stockbarger Method And Vacuum-Sealed Quartz Ampoules Play In Nacl:li And Kcl:na Crystal Growth?

Learn how the Stockbarger method and vacuum-sealed ampoules ensure directional solidification and chemical purity in doped single crystal growth.

Why Is A Laboratory Drying Oven Necessary For Co-Zr Iron Oxide Nanopowders? Protect Material Integrity & Purity

Learn why laboratory drying ovens are critical for processing synthesized nanomaterials by preventing agglomeration and chemical degradation.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Vacuum Quartz Tube In Cvt? Grow High-Purity Bi4I4 Crystals Successfully

Learn how vacuum quartz tubes facilitate Bi4I4 crystal growth through environmental isolation, high-vacuum maintenance, and chemical inertness.

Why Is An Industrial Electric Drying Oven Required For Catalyst Support Precursors? Secure Pore Integrity

Learn why 120 °C overnight treatment in an industrial oven is critical for converting wet gels to dry gels while preventing pore collapse.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Laboratory Blast Drying Oven? Essential Prep For La-Eps-C-450 Ceramic Adsorbents

Learn why blast drying ovens are critical for La-EPS-C-450 synthesis, from moisture removal at 105°C to preparing stable precursors for calcination.

What Is The Purpose Of A Ptfe-Lined Autoclave In Tio2 Synthesis? Unlock Precision Nano-Material Growth

Learn why stainless steel autoclaves with PTFE liners are essential for the hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 nanowires and nanotubes.

Why Is A High-Precision Mass Flow Controller Necessary For E-Ni/M-Mgalox Catalysts? Ensure Precise Gas Dynamics

Learn why high-precision MFCs are critical for E-Ni/m-MgAlOx catalyst testing by ensuring exact feed ratios and GHSV stability.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Electric Thermostatic Drying Oven In Zif-8/Zif-67 Prep? Ensure Mof Integrity

Learn why a laboratory electric thermostatic drying oven at 60°C is vital for solvent removal and structural preservation of ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 MOFs.

Why Are High-Purity Mgo Crucibles Used For Pbo Oxidation? Essential Chemical Inertness For Master Slags

Discover why high-purity magnesium oxide (MgO) crucibles are essential for oxidizing lead oxide (PbO) and preventing silicate master slag contamination.

How Are Laboratory Ovens And Analytical Balances Used For Banana Powder Moisture Content? Precision Testing Guide

Learn the oven-drying method for banana powder moisture analysis: combining thermal extraction at 105°C with high-precision gravimetric weighing.

What Is The Function Of High-Alumina Ceramic Boats? Ensure Purity In I-Nc Catalyst Synthesis

Learn how high-alumina ceramic boats provide chemical inertness and thermal stability for I-NC catalyst synthesis up to 900°C.

Why Is Stepped Temperature Control On A Laboratory Hotplate Necessary For Drying Sensor Active Layers? Boost Precision

Learn how stepped temperature control prevents defects like pinholes and cracks, ensuring dense, high-performance sensor active layers.

What Role Does A Pecvd System Play In Enhancing Nanopore Protection? Secure Nanostructures With Pecvd

Learn how PECVD uses the 'blooming effect' to create protective caps for nanopores, preventing membrane fracture during aggressive etching.

How Does An Electric Heating System Ensure Stable Ignition During Coal Gasification? Achieving Reliable Process Control

Learn how electric heating rods and precision control systems ensure stable coal gasification ignition through uniform thermal regulation.

What Function Does An Electric Blast Drying Oven Serve In Fluorite Tailings Activation? Ensure Process Precision

Learn why electric blast drying ovens are critical for moisture removal and achieving constant weight in fluorite tailings activation.

Why Is The Combined Use Of A Thermocouple And A Temperature Recorder Necessary In Ept? Ensure Precise Thermal Control

Learn why thermocouples and temperature recorders are essential for capturing rapid thermal spikes and ensuring material integrity during EPT.

Why Is A Mass Flow Controller (Mfc) Necessary For Cdm Testing? Ensure Precise Kinetic Data And Catalyst Performance

Learn why Mass Flow Controllers are essential for Catalytic Decomposition of Methane (CDM) to ensure precise flow, mixing ratios, and data integrity.

What Is The Purpose Of A Water-Cooling Jacket In A Methane Cracking Reactor? Prevent Blockages & Thermal Damage

Learn how water-cooling jackets prevent premature methane cracking and carbon deposition, ensuring reactor efficiency and hardware longevity.

Why Is A Mass Flow Controller (Mfc) Important For Gas-Phase Corrosion Research? Ensure Data Integrity & Precision

Learn how Mass Flow Controllers (MFCs) ensure experimental repeatability and accurate data in laboratory gas-phase corrosion simulations.

What Are The Process Advantages Of Using A Cvd System For Nh4I? Enhance Catalyst Performance With In-Situ Etching

Learn how CVD systems use ammonium iodide (NH4I) for in-situ etching to increase catalyst surface area, defects, and mass transfer efficiency.

Why Are A Laboratory Oven And Canadian Balsam Used Together For Wood Slides? Master Permanent Microscopy Techniques

Learn why combining Canadian Balsam and laboratory ovens is essential for curing wood microscope slides and ensuring archival clarity and durability.

Why Is A Boron Nitride Coating Applied To Graphite Crucibles For Mg3Sb2 Alloys? Protect Purity And Tooling

Learn how Boron Nitride (BN) coatings prevent carbon diffusion, chemical reactions, and sticking during Mg3Sb2 alloy melting in graphite crucibles.

What Key Functions Do Graphite Molds Serve During The Hot Press Sintering? Enhance Ti/Al2O3 Composite Quality

Learn how graphite molds facilitate densification, ensure uniform heat, and provide a micro-reducing atmosphere for Ti/Al2O3 composites.

What Functions Does A High-Density Graphite Mold Serve In The Sps Process? Beyond Shaping Materials

Discover the dual role of graphite molds in Spark Plasma Sintering as active heating elements and pressure vessels for high-density materials.

What Core Functions Do Graphite Molds Serve? Essential Roles In Vacuum Hot Pressing Sintering Of Sic/Zta Ceramics

Learn how graphite molds act as pressure transmitters and thermal conductors to achieve high density in SiC/ZTA ceramic sintering processes.

What Are The Critical Functions Of Graphite Molds In Hot Press Sintering? Discover Their Role In Densification

Learn how graphite molds act as pressure transmitters and thermal conductors to achieve high-density materials in hot press sintering.

What Role Does Sodium Chloride (Nacl) Play As A Thermal Buffer? Optimizing Si/Mg2Sio4 Composite Synthesis

Discover how Sodium Chloride (NaCl) acts as a critical thermal buffer to prevent overheating and ensure phase purity in Si/Mg2SiO4 composites.

What Is The Function Of A Water-Cooled Jacket On A Sampling Probe? Optimize Atomization And Protect Hardware

Learn how water-cooled jackets on sampling probes prevent coking, maintain feedstock viscosity (90-95°C), and protect reactor hardware.

What Is The Necessity Of A Water Cooling Unit For High-Power Induction Heating Systems? Protect Your Equipment Now

Learn why water cooling is critical for high-power induction systems to prevent coil meltdown, insulation failure, and equipment destruction.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Precision Oven For Hap-Fe3O4 Drying? Achieve 110°C Stability & High Porosity

Learn why a precision oven at 110°C is essential for drying HAp-Fe3O4 composites to ensure structural stability and maximum adsorption efficiency.

Why Are Vacuum-Sealed Quartz Tubes Required For Snse Melting? Ensure Purity & Stoichiometry

Discover why vacuum-sealed quartz tubes are essential for SnSe melting to prevent oxidation, manage volatility, and ensure chemical purity.

What Is The Mechanism Of High-Power Microwave Systems In Uranium Roasting? Unlock Efficiency With Volumetric Heating

Learn how high-power microwave systems use dielectric heating and thermal stress to fracture mineral barriers and improve uranium extraction.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Laboratory Electric Drying Oven In Acbp Production? Ensure Precise Pre-Treatment

Learn why moisture control in a lab drying oven is critical for high-quality Banana Peel Activated Carbon production and chemical activation.

Why Is A High-Purity Argon Flow Control System Essential? Ensure Precision In Metallurgy Simulations

Learn why precise argon flow control is critical for quasi-static bubble formation and accurate surface tension measurements in metallurgy.

How Does The Design Of High-Purity Alumina Capillaries Influence Bubble Formation? Optimize Surface Tension Accuracy

Discover how high-purity alumina capillary design ensures geometric stability, accurate Laplace pressure, and reliable surface tension measurement.

Why Is A Mass Flow Controller Essential In The Tracer Method? Precision Data For Pyrolysis Gas Flow

Learn how mass flow controllers (MFC) provide the precise reference needed to calculate flow rates in volatile pyrolysis gas environments.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Microwave Plasma For Aluminum Powder Reduction? Achieve Unmatched Material Purity

Discover how microwave plasma systems decouple gas and electron temperatures to prevent aluminum carbide formation and ensure product purity.

What Roles Does A Laboratory Oven Play In Biochar Production? Enhance Efficiency And Accuracy In Thermal Processing

Discover how laboratory ovens optimize biochar production through precise moisture control, pre-treatment efficiency, and accurate post-treatment analysis.

Why Is Nacl Used In Wte2 Cvd Synthesis? Enhance Crystal Growth With Salt-Assisted Flux

Learn how sodium chloride (NaCl) acts as a flux in WTe2 CVD, lowering evaporation temperatures and improving tungsten ditelluride crystal quality.

Why Is A Vacuum-Sealed Quartz Tube Necessary For 4.5 Inch Inp Crystals? Ensure Stability And Purity

Learn how vacuum-sealed quartz tubes prevent decomposition and ensure stoichiometry in Indium Phosphide (InP) single crystal growth.

Why Is A High-Precision Gas Mass Flow Control System Necessary For Ga2O3 Growth? Achieve Defect-Free Thin Films

Learn how precise O2/Ar gas flow control optimizes plasma density and minimizes oxygen vacancies in Gallium Oxide (Ga2O3) thin film growth.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Vacuum Oven For Drying Vo2@Alf3? Protect Your Sensitive Core-Shell Nanostructures

Discover why vacuum drying is essential for VO2@AlF3 to prevent thermal oxidation, ensure structural integrity, and achieve deep pore extraction.

What Is The Purpose Of Methane In Cvd Graphene Growth? Master The Key Carbon Source For High-Quality Graphene

Learn why methane is the essential carbon source for CVD graphene growth on Cu(111) and how it enables high-quality, single-crystal production.

Why Is A High-Pressure Stainless Steel Autoclave Required For Activated Carbon? Unlock High-Performance Carbon Synthesis

Learn why high-pressure autoclaves are vital for activated carbon synthesis, from generating autogenous pressure to creating surface active sites.