What Factors Influence Rotary Kiln Sizing And Design? Optimize Your Industrial Process Efficiency

Learn how material properties, process requirements, and design trade-offs impact rotary kiln sizing and design for better performance and cost savings.

What Are The Key Advantages Of Using A Rotary Tube Furnace? Achieve Dynamic, Uniform Heating For Powders

Discover how rotary tube furnaces ensure uniform heating, mixing, and efficient processing for powders and granules in advanced material synthesis.

What Are The Key Features Of Calcining Furnaces? Boost Efficiency And Quality In Material Processing

Explore the essential features of calcining furnaces, including rapid heating, uniform temperature control, compact design, and sturdy construction for reliable industrial use.

How Does A Split Tube Furnace Compare To Non-Split Tube Furnaces? Choose The Right Furnace For Your Lab

Compare split vs. non-split tube furnaces: split offers easy access and fast cooling, while non-split provides superior temperature uniformity for precise experiments.

How Does A Drop Tube Furnace Compare To A Horizontal Tube Furnace? Choose The Right Furnace For Your Process

Compare drop tube and horizontal tube furnaces: vertical for dynamic particle studies, horizontal for static uniform heating. Ideal for labs in materials science.

How Does The Cylindrical Design Of A Rotary Kiln Facilitate Material Movement? Uncover Efficient Processing Secrets

Learn how the cylindrical design, inclination, and rotation of rotary kilns enable continuous material flow, uniform heating, and precise control for industrial applications.

What Factors Should Be Considered When Selecting A Crucible For An Induction-Heated Vacuum Furnace? Ensure High-Purity Melts And Efficiency

Learn key factors for crucible selection in induction-heated vacuum furnaces, including chemical compatibility, thermal performance, and vacuum stability for optimal results.

What Materials Are Rotary Tube Furnaces Typically Constructed From? Choose The Right Tube For Your Process

Learn about rotary tube furnace materials like quartz, ceramic, and alloys to optimize temperature, purity, and durability for your lab applications.

What Are The Key Characteristics Of Vacuum Hardening? Achieve Clean, Precise Metal Hardening For Superior Components

Discover vacuum hardening's key traits: prevents oxidation, ensures dimensional stability, and offers precise control for high-quality metal parts in aerospace and medical industries.

What Role Do Rotary Kilns Play In Catalyst Production And Recovery? Essential For Calcination And Sustainable Catalyst Lifecycle

Explore how rotary kilns enable catalyst calcination, regeneration, and precious metal recovery, driving efficiency and sustainability in industrial chemistry.

What Applications Does A Vacuum Melting Furnace Have In Research? Unlock High-Purity Material Development

Explore vacuum melting furnace uses in research for purifying metals, creating alloys, and processing reactive materials in controlled environments.

What Are The Key Requirements For A Vacuum Tempering Furnace's Cooling System? Ensure Precise Control For Superior Metallurgical Results

Learn about vacuum tempering furnace cooling systems: rapid cooling, water pressure >0.2 MPa, adjustable flow, inert gas use for precise material properties and furnace protection.

What Is The Primary Use Of A Vacuum Hydrogen Dual-Purpose Furnace? Essential For Diamond Synthesis And High-Performance Sintering

Learn how vacuum hydrogen furnaces enable ultra-clean sintering for synthetic diamonds and composites, ensuring purity and strength in industrial applications.

What Technology Has Advanced As An Alternative To Traditional Rotary Kilns? Discover Electromagnetic Heating For Efficiency

Explore electromagnetic heating as a superior alternative to rotary kilns, offering direct energy transfer, reduced emissions, and enhanced precision for industrial processing.

What Are The Advantages Of Conducting Heat Treatment In A Vacuum Environment? Achieve Superior Material Control And Quality

Discover how vacuum heat treatment prevents oxidation, decarburization, and ensures uniform heating for superior part quality in aerospace and medical industries.

What Are The Core Principles Of Vacuum Furnace Engineering? Master Precision Control For Superior Materials

Learn the 4 key principles of vacuum furnace engineering: vacuum purity, leak-tight chambers, uniform heating, and controlled cooling for advanced metallurgy.

Why Are Vacuum Furnaces Particularly Suitable For High Temperature Sintering? Ensure Purity And Precision For Superior Results

Discover how vacuum furnaces prevent oxidation, ensure uniform heating, and enable precise control for high-temperature sintering in demanding industries.

How Does Chemical Vapour Deposition (Cvd) Differ From Pvd? Key Differences In Thin-Film Coating Methods

Explore the differences between CVD and PVD: CVD offers conformal coatings for complex shapes, while PVD provides high purity at lower temperatures.

What Are The Disadvantages Of Hot Pressing Compared To Cold Compacting And Sintering? Higher Costs And Lower Production Rates

Explore the key drawbacks of hot pressing, including high equipment costs and low throughput, compared to cold compacting and sintering for powder metallurgy.

Why Is Hot Pressing Ideal For Critical Applications In Industries Like Aerospace And Automotive? Achieve Unmatched Component Density And Reliability

Discover how hot pressing eliminates voids for superior strength and dimensional accuracy in aerospace and automotive parts, ensuring reliable performance under extreme conditions.

What Improvements In Mechanical Properties Can Be Achieved Using A Vacuum Furnace? Boost Strength, Toughness, And Fatigue Life

Discover how vacuum furnaces enhance mechanical properties like hardness, strength, and fatigue resistance through clean, controlled heat treatment processes.

How Does A Vacuum Furnace Ensure A Clean And Controlled Environment For Heat Treatment? Achieve Superior Material Purity And Precision

Learn how vacuum furnaces remove contaminants, prevent oxidation and decarburization, and enable precise heat treatment for superior material integrity and repeatability.

How Does Heat Transfer Occur In A High-Temperature Vacuum Furnace, And What Factors Influence Its Efficiency? Master Radiant Heat Control

Learn how thermal radiation dominates heat transfer in vacuum furnaces and key factors like heating elements, insulation, and control systems that drive efficiency.

How Do Precision Temperature-Controlled Ovens Function For Sic-Ti3Sic2 Preform Curing? Expert Thermal Control Guide

Learn how precision ovens manage polycondensation and thermal stress via multi-stage profiles to ensure structural integrity in SiC-Ti3SiC2 preforms.

What Functions Does The Calcination Process In An Industrial High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Perform? Catalyst Prep Guide

Learn how calcination in muffle furnaces drives chemical transformation, precursor decomposition, and structural engineering for superior catalysts.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Vacuum High-Temperature Furnace In The Synthesis Of Mg3Sb2 Thermoelectric Materials?

Learn how vacuum high-temperature furnaces prevent magnesium oxidation and facilitate liquid-phase synthesis for high-purity Mg3Sb2 materials.

Why Is A Heating Furnace Required For Thermal Holding Before Hot Extrusion? Optimize Material Flow & Density

Learn why thermal holding is essential for composite extrusion, including reducing deformation resistance and improving microstructural integrity.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Quartz Tube Diffusion Furnace? Optimize Pert Solar Cell Doping Performance

Learn how quartz tube diffusion furnaces enable PN junction formation and back surface field creation for high-efficiency bifacial PERT solar cells.

How Does A Single-Zone Tube Furnace Facilitate The Growth Of Cu2Se Thin Films Via Cvd? Precision Thermal Control Guide

Learn how single-zone tube furnaces enable high-quality Cu2Se thin film growth through precise thermal regulation and controlled CVD vapor reactions.

How Does A Tube Muffle Furnace Contribute To The Carbonization Process Of Rosa Roxburghii Residue Biochar?

Learn how tube muffle furnaces optimize Rosa roxburghii biochar through precise 450°C thermal control and oxygen-limited pyrolysis.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Muffle Furnace In Preparing Bivo4 Nanosheets? Optimize Your Material Performance

Learn how muffle furnaces drive phase transitions, remove organic residues, and engineer BiVO4 nanosheets for superior electrocatalytic performance.

Why Is High-Performance High-Temperature Heat Treatment Equipment Essential For The 900°C Calcination Of Copper Oxide?

Discover why precision heat treatment is critical for 900°C copper oxide calcination to achieve 99.20% purity and electronic-grade crystallinity.

What Is The Function Of A Vertical Muffle Furnace In Dolomite Preparation? Optimize High-Iron Aluminum Sintering

Learn how vertical muffle furnaces facilitate pre-calcination at 1000°C to purify dolomite and ensure data integrity in aluminum sintering research.

What Is The Primary Function Of A High-Precision Drop Furnace? Master Flash Smelting Simulation Kinetics

Learn how high-precision drop furnaces simulate industrial flash smelting kinetics, capturing oxidation and ignition in under 100 milliseconds.

How Do Thermal Systems Reveal Anti-Spalling Mechanisms In Cde Concrete? Explore Advanced Material Resilience

Discover how high-temperature thermal systems validate CDE's porous architecture in preventing explosive spalling in high-strength concrete.

Why Use A Muffle Furnace For Tio2 Sol-Gel? Achieve Precise Phase Control And Purity

Learn why high-temperature muffle furnaces are critical for TiO2 nanopowder preparation, from phase transformation to organic residue elimination.

How Does Temperature Control Precision Of Industrial Melting Furnaces Affect Intermetallic Phase Selection?

Learn how precise furnace temperature control (850-900°C) transforms oxide inclusions to ensure fine, high-quality intermetallic microstructures.

Why Is Atmospheric Protection And Composition Compensation Required For Mn-Cu Alloys? Master High-Temp Precision

Learn why Mn-Cu alloys require inert gas protection and manganese compensation to prevent evaporation and ensure chemical accuracy during processing.

What Is The Function Of A Tube Reduction Furnace In Ptlaox@S-1 Catalysts? Achieve Precise Chemical Restructuring

Discover how tube reduction furnaces facilitate platinum reduction and LaOx embedding to create high-performance catalytic active centers at 400°C.

What Operational Features Distinguish Vacuum Sintering Furnaces? Precision Control For Superior Materials

Explore key vacuum sintering furnace features like PLC automation, ultra-high temperatures, and safety systems for high-purity material processing in labs.

How Are Rotary Furnaces Used In Coating Preparation? Master Bulk Powder Processing For Durable Coatings

Learn how rotary furnaces calcine and sinter powders for advanced coatings, ensuring uniform heating and high purity in thermal spray applications.

What Advantages Do Rotary Furnaces Have Over Traditional Equipment Like Mesh Belt Furnaces? Achieve Superior Uniformity And Efficiency

Discover how rotary furnaces outperform mesh belt furnaces with superior temperature uniformity, enhanced heat transfer, and precise process control for powders and granules.

What Are The Technical Advantages Of Using An Aerodynamic Levitation Furnace? Achieve Ultra-Pure Silicate Melt Research

Discover how aerodynamic levitation furnaces eliminate crucible contamination and achieve 850°C/s cooling for superior silicate glass production.

What Are The Primary Functions Of Laboratory Resistance Furnaces In Lead Refining? Achieve 700°C Thermal Precision

Learn how laboratory resistance furnaces facilitate lead refining research through precise 700°C temperature control and kinetic stability.

What Is The Significance Of The Two-Step Carbonization Process For En-Lcnf? Unlock High-Performance Energy Storage

Learn how the two-step carbonization process optimizes 3D structures and nitrogen doping in EN-LCNF production for superior energy storage.

How Does A Mixed Gas Flow Control System Maintain Stability During High-Temperature Nitriding? Precision Gas Ratios

Learn how balancing nitrogen and ammonia flow rates stabilizes nitriding potential (KN) to ensure uniform surface hardening at 913 K.

Why Use A High-Temp Muffle Furnace For Al–Ce–La–Ni–Fe Alloys? Ensure Thermal Stability With Precision Air-Cooling

Learn why a high-temp muffle furnace with air-cooling is vital for evaluating Al–Ce–La–Ni–Fe alloys and simulating microstructural evolution.

How Does High-Temperature Calcination Affect Kaolin? Boost Surface Area And Catalytic Reactivity Via Thermal Processing

Learn how 750°C calcination increases kaolin's surface area from 5.514 to 26.567 m²/g, transforming it into a highly reactive amorphous structure.

What Are The Technical Advantages Of Using An Induction Annealing Furnace? Boost Graphite Purity And Throughput

Learn why induction annealing outperforms Joule heating for graphite purification, featuring 2400°C ramps and 99.8%+ purity.

How Does A Vacuum High-Temperature Furnace Contribute To The Bonding Of Ceramic Phosphor? Precision Bonding Guide

Learn how vacuum high-temperature furnaces enable superior ceramic phosphor bonding to sapphire via atomic diffusion and oxidation prevention.

What Is The Technical Significance Of The Calcination Process Using A Muffle Furnace? Optimize Tio2 Nanopowders

Discover how muffle furnace calcination at 450°C transforms TiO2 nanopowders into high-performance anatase for energy and photocatalytic applications.

How Does The Availability Of Specialized Furnace Systems Benefit Chemical Research? Optimize Your Thermal Processing

Learn how Rotary, Vacuum, and CVD furnaces enhance chemical research through precise control, uniform processing, and atmosphere-controlled synthesis.

What Is The Significance Of Using High-Purity Quartz Tubes In Mos2 Growth? Ensure High-Purity Crystal Synthesis

Learn how high-purity quartz tubes provide chemical inertness, thermal stability, and vacuum sealing to ensure impurity-free MoS2 crystal growth.

Why Is A High-Precision Multi-Functional Muffle Furnace Required In Cgfs? Achieve Exact Decarbonization Metrics

Learn why a high-precision muffle furnace is vital for Coal Gasification Fine Slag (CGFS) analysis through precise $950^{\circ}C$ calcination.

What Role Does A Vacuum Furnace Play In The Reduction Of Go To Rgo? Optimize Your High-Purity Graphene Composites

Learn how vacuum furnaces enable precise GO to rGO reduction by providing controlled thermal annealing while preventing carbon oxidation.

What Are The Process Advantages Of Using A Dual-Zone Tube Furnace For Gan? Achieve Precision Thin Film Synthesis

Learn how dual-zone tube furnaces optimize GaN thin film synthesis by decoupling precursor evaporation from crystal deposition.

Why Is The Use Of High-Temperature Furnace Systems Critical For Delta-Mno2 Development? Master Atomic Engineering

Learn how high-temperature furnaces create oxygen vacancies in delta-MnO2 to boost conductivity and kinetics in aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

What Are The Two Core Technical Functions Of A Vacuum Tube Sintering Furnace? Mastering Porous Alloy Engineering

Learn how vacuum tube furnaces enable controlled pore formation and high-temperature structural bonding in porous alloy production.

Why Is The Preheating Zone Of A Walking-Beam Furnace Critical For Titanium/Steel Clad Plates? Minimize Thermal Stress

Learn why the preheating zone creates peak temperature gradients in clad plates and how to prevent delamination through precise thermal control.

What Is The Purpose Of Designing The Internal Control Caps Of A Salt Bath Furnace With Slanted Upward Outlets?

Discover how slanted outlets in salt bath furnaces enhance heat exchange and ensure uniform phase transformation in steel wire production.

Why Is Precise Temperature Control Essential For Aluminum Alloy Solidification? Unlock Superior Material Strength

Learn how precise temperature control prevents defects, ensures microstructural uniformity, and optimizes aluminum alloy solidification quality.

What Role Does High-Temperature Calcination Play In The Purification Of Volcanic Ash? Achieve Ultra-Pure Silica Results

Learn how 750°C calcination in a muffle furnace removes organic impurities from volcanic ash to ensure successful high-purity silica synthesis.

What Critical Function Does A High-Temperature Atmosphere Sintering Furnace Serve? Engineer Advanced Nuclear Fuels

Learn how high-temperature atmosphere sintering furnaces enable grain growth and densification in manganese-doped uranium dioxide fuel.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Tube Furnace Play In The Pore Expansion Of Porous Graphene? Expert Material Engineering

Learn how high-temperature tube furnaces use CO2 atmospheres at 800°C to precisely expand graphene nanopores for superior ion sieving and filtration.

How Do High-Temperature Vacuum Furnaces Influence The Fluorine (F) Content On Niobium Surfaces? Master Surface Purity

Learn how vacuum furnace temperature control triggers NbF5 sublimation to eliminate Fluorine residues from Niobium surfaces during baking.

Why Is A High-Temperature Vacuum Annealing Furnace Essential For Graphene Aerogels? Unlock Ultimate Conductivity

Learn how vacuum annealing at 1300-2700°C purifies graphene aerogels, repairs lattice defects, and maximizes electrical conductivity.

Why Must Calcination Equipment Be Used To Pre-Treat Zsm-5 Zeolite? Ensure Accurate Voc Adsorption Testing

Learn why pre-treating ZSM-5 zeolite at 550 °C is essential to remove moisture and impurities for accurate VOC static adsorption performance tests.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In G-C3N4 Calcination? Master Precision Thermal Polycondensation

Learn how a muffle furnace drives deamination and polymerization at 550°C to create high-performance g-C3N4 nanosheets.

How Does The Nitrogen-Protected Environment Benefit Biomass Carbonization? Unlock High-Yield Pyrolysis Secrets

Learn how nitrogen atmospheres in tube furnaces prevent biomass combustion, maximize carbon yield, and enable precise structural graphitization.

What Is The Deposition Rate Difference Between Pecvd And Cvd? Uncover The Best Method For Your Thin Films

Compare PECVD vs. CVD deposition rates, temperature impacts, and substrate compatibility to optimize your thin-film process efficiency and quality.

Why Are Continuous Furnaces Ideal For High-Volume Manufacturing? Boost Throughput And Consistency

Discover how continuous furnaces maximize output and ensure uniform processing for high-volume manufacturing, outperforming batch systems in efficiency.

Is A Vacuum Alone Sufficient To Prevent Oxidation In Furnaces? Discover The Critical Role Of Atmosphere Control

Learn why vacuum alone isn't enough to prevent oxidation in furnaces and how inert gases and maintenance ensure effective protection for your materials.

What Are The Benefits Of Using A Box Furnace? Versatile, Uniform Heating For Your Lab

Explore box furnace benefits: versatility, uniform heating, precision control, and durability for labs and small-scale production.

What Are The Key Application Features Of A Fluidized Bed Vertical Tube Furnace? Boost Efficiency And Uniformity

Discover the key application features of fluidized bed vertical tube furnaces: temperature uniformity, heat transfer efficiency, rapid reactions, and operational control.

How Does The Rotation Mechanism In A Rotary Tube Furnace Benefit Cvd Processes? Achieve Uniform Coatings And Boost Efficiency

Discover how rotary tube furnace rotation ensures uniform temperature, gas exposure, and prevents agglomeration in CVD for consistent, high-quality powder coatings.

What Fuel Does A Rotary Furnace Use? Optimize Your Thermal Process With The Right Energy Source

Explore the pros and cons of natural gas, propane, diesel, and electricity for rotary furnaces to maximize efficiency and control for your application.

Why Are Box Furnaces Considered Versatile And Easy To Operate? Ideal For Diverse Thermal Processing Needs

Explore why box furnaces excel in versatility and ease of use for lab and industrial applications, featuring adaptable designs and automated controls.

What Are The Primary Uses Of A Box Furnace? Unlock Precise Heat Treatment For Your Materials

Explore key uses of box furnaces for annealing, sintering, and lab analysis. Achieve uniform heating and enhanced material properties in batch processing.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Mosi2 Heating Elements In Sintering Furnaces? Boost Sintering Efficiency With Durable, Self-Healing Elements

Discover how MoSi2 heating elements offer self-healing protection, high-temperature stability up to 1800°C, and long lifespan for superior sintering results in ceramics and advanced materials.

What Materials Are Commonly Used For The Crucible In An Induction Melting Furnace? Choose The Right Crucible For Your Metal

Learn about graphite, alumina, zirconia, and magnesia crucibles for induction melting. Select the right material for your alloy and temperature needs.

What Are Some Common Applications Of Graphite In Vacuum Furnaces? Essential For High-Temp Processing

Explore graphite's key roles in vacuum furnaces: heating elements, insulation, and fixtures. Learn why it's vital for aerospace, semiconductor, and heat-treating applications.

What Are The Advantages Of Graphite's Lightweight And High Strength In Vacuum Furnaces? Lower Costs & Superior Performance

Explore how graphite's unique properties reduce operational costs, enhance safety, and enable high-temperature stability in vacuum furnaces up to 3000°C.

How Does Precise Temperature Control In Induction Furnaces Benefit Gold Melting? Maximize Purity & Minimize Loss

Discover how precise temperature control in induction furnaces prevents gold oxidation and vaporization, ensuring maximum purity and operational efficiency.

What Is The Main Purpose Of Annealing? A Guide To Controlling Material Properties

Learn how annealing relieves internal stress, increases ductility, and improves machinability by resetting a material's microstructure.

What Is The Role Of Industrial-Grade Vacuum Furnaces In In718 Heat Treatment? Unlock Superior Alloy Performance

Learn how vacuum and atmosphere furnaces optimize IN718 through precise homogenization, solution treatment, and aging cycles.

How Are Programmable Muffle Furnaces Utilized In Solar Material Testing? Ensuring Durability In High-Temp Cst Systems

Learn how programmable muffle furnaces use precise ramp rates and isothermal aging to validate the thermal durability of solar absorption materials.

How Does The High-Temperature Calcination Process In A Muffle Furnace Facilitate The Structural Transformation Of Kmnpo4·H2O?

Learn how 300°C calcination in a muffle furnace drives the structural transition of KMnPO4·H2O from 6-fold to 4-fold manganese coordination.

What Is The Primary Function Of An Alumina Crucible In Csv3Sb5 Growth? Ensure High Purity And Thermal Stability

Learn why alumina crucibles are essential for CsV3Sb5 single crystal growth, offering chemical inertness and stability up to 1000°C.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Vacuum Furnace Play In The Desilication Of Biomass? Achieve Ultra-High Purity Carbon

Learn how high-temperature vacuum furnaces achieve evaporative desilication at 1800°C and 10 Pa to remove silica from biomass-based carbon.

How Does A High-Precision Muffle Furnace Contribute To The Evaluation Of Coatings? 1100°C Oxidation Test Insights

Learn how high-precision muffle furnaces evaluate coating durability through 1100°C thermal stability and controlled oxidation cycle testing.

What Is The Core Function Of A Horizontal Tube Furnace In Sb2Se3 Nanowire Prep? Master Thermal Gradients For Apvt

Learn how horizontal tube furnaces drive Sb2Se3 nanowire synthesis through precise volatilization and controlled temperature gradients in APVT.

What Is The Role Of A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace In Mg-Zn-Al Ldh Transformation? Unlocking Adsorption Power

Discover how a muffle furnace at 500 °C transforms Mg-Zn-Al LDH into highly active Mixed Metal Oxides (MMO) to boost adsorption capacity.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Multi-Stage Programmed Heating For Copper-Iron Sintering? Enhance Material Integrity

Learn how multi-stage heating prevents defects in copper-iron composites by optimizing lubricant removal and metallic diffusion for superior density.

Why Is Continuous Argon Flow Essential For Biochar Pyrolysis? Unlock High-Yield, High-Purity Results

Learn how argon gas prevents combustion and ensures successful thermal decomposition for superior biochar production in muffle furnaces.

Why Use A High-Temp Sintering Furnace At 750°C For Silver Nanoparticles? Achieve Purity And Stability.

Learn how 750°C sintering purifies silver nanoparticles, removes organic residues, and ensures a stable face-centered cubic crystal structure.

Why Is High-Precision Temperature Control At 800 °C Critical For Bcmomn Catalyst Heterostructures?

Discover why 800 °C is the essential threshold for BCMoMn catalyst synthesis, ensuring uniform energy, electronic coupling, and structural integrity.

What Is The Function Of The Melting Furnace And Stirring Device In Afs Precursor Preparation? Optimize Melt Stability

Learn how the melting furnace and stirring device work together to liquefy AlSi12 alloys and create stable suspensions for aluminum foam sandwiches.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In The Thermochemical Conversion Research Of Animal-Derived Waste? Optimize Pyrolysis

Learn how muffle furnaces drive pyrolysis in animal waste research, enabling precise temperature control (300-1000°C) and high-quality biochar yield.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Play In Determining Ash Content? Expert Inorganic Analysis Guide

Learn how muffle furnaces use 550°C thermal oxidation to isolate inorganic residues and measure mineral density in agricultural by-products.

How Does A High-Temperature Vacuum Furnace Facilitate The Synthesis Of Graphene? Master Precise Catalyst Mediation

Learn how high-temperature vacuum furnaces enable graphene synthesis through metal silicide formation and oxidation prevention at 1100 °C.