What Are The Key Components Of A Vacuum Pressure Sintering Furnace? Essential Systems For High-Performance Materials

Learn about the core components of vacuum pressure sintering furnaces, including heating, press, vacuum, and control systems for superior material densification.

What Is The Basic Principle Of Chemical Vapor Deposition (Cvd)? Unlock High-Purity Thin-Film Synthesis

Learn how CVD builds solid thin films from gases for applications in microchips and medical devices, covering precursors, reactions, and key techniques like PECVD and LPCVD.

What Is The Function Of The Crystallizer In A Vacuum Sublimation Furnace? Mastering Temperature For High-Purity Magnesium

Learn how the crystallizer's temperature control in a vacuum furnace is critical for yield and quality in magnesium purification via sublimation.

What Is The Typical Operating Temperature Range For Box Furnaces? Find Your Perfect Heat Solution

Explore box furnace temperature ranges from standard industrial to high-temperature lab models. Learn how to choose the right furnace for your application.

How Does A Vacuum Tube Furnace Differ From A Vacuum Muffle Furnace? Choose The Right Furnace For Your Lab

Learn the key differences between vacuum tube and muffle furnaces, including sample size, temperature control, and applications for precise lab work.

What Are The Different Types Of Tube Furnaces And Their Features? Choose The Right Furnace For Your Lab

Explore tube furnace types: split-tube, solid-tube, horizontal, vertical, rotary, single-zone, multi-zone, and atmospheric control for precise lab applications.

How Does Modern Vacuum Heat Treatment Furnaces Ensure Accurate Processing? Achieve Perfect Results With Precision Control

Learn how modern vacuum furnaces ensure accurate processing through precise temperature control, advanced vacuum systems, and programmable cycles for repeatable results.

How Do Vacuum Tube Furnaces Achieve Energy Efficiency? Maximize Thermal Performance And Cut Costs

Learn how vacuum tube furnaces use vacuum insulation, smart controls, and regenerative systems to reduce heat loss and save energy in labs.

What Are The Types Of Cvd Processes? Explore Key Methods For Thin Film Deposition

Learn about CVD process types like LPCVD, PECVD, and MOCVD, their advantages, and how to choose the right one for your application.

What Are The Benefits Of A Vertical Tube Furnace? Maximize Space And Purity In Your Lab

Discover key advantages of vertical tube furnaces: compact footprint, gravity-assisted uniformity, and minimized contamination for high-purity applications.

Why Is Vacuum Hot Press Equipment Considered A Cornerstone Of Modern Manufacturing? Unlock Superior Material Density And Purity

Discover how Vacuum Hot Press equipment combines heat, pressure, and vacuum to create high-density, strong materials for aerospace, medical, and energy industries.

What Benefits Does Vacuum Carburizing Offer For Parts With Complex Shapes? Minimize Distortion And Boost Performance

Discover how vacuum carburizing reduces distortion, enhances mechanical properties, and cuts costs for complex parts with precise heat treatment control.

What Key Technologies Are Used In The Development Of Multi-Chamber Continuous Vacuum Furnaces? Boost Throughput With Advanced Automation

Explore modular design, roller transmission, pneumatic valves, multi-zone PID control, and PLC automation for efficient vacuum heat treatment.

How Does Vacuum Carburizing Compare To Traditional Carburizing Methods In Terms Of Environmental Impact? Discover Eco-Friendly Heat Treatment

Learn how vacuum carburizing reduces emissions, eliminates hazardous waste, and improves energy efficiency for a greener industrial process.

How Are Parts Cooled In Vacuum Carburizing, And What Are The Advantages? Achieve Superior Heat Treatment With Minimal Distortion

Learn how high-pressure gas quenching in vacuum carburizing reduces distortion, improves metallurgical quality, and cuts costs for high-performance components.

What Are The Characteristics Of Parts That Undergo Vacuum Carburizing? Achieve Superior Dual-Property Performance

Discover how vacuum carburizing creates parts with a hard, wear-resistant surface and a tough, ductile core for enhanced durability and precision.

What Is The Function Of A Vacuum Brazing Furnace? Achieve Clean, Strong Metal Joints In High-Vacuum

Learn how vacuum brazing furnaces create pure, strong metal joints by eliminating oxidation and flux, ideal for aerospace, medical, and high-performance applications.

What Are The Key Differences Between Sic And Mosi2 Heating Elements In Sintering Furnaces? Choose The Right Element For Your High-Temp Needs

Compare SiC vs MoSi2 heating elements for sintering: temperature limits, atmosphere compatibility, lifespan, and maintenance tips for optimal furnace performance.

Why Is An Electric Heating Furnace Integrated With A Capsule-Piercing Reactor? Ensure Precise Fluid Analysis

Learn why constant 90°C heating is essential for fluid analysis to prevent water condensation and ensure accurate isotopic data.

What Is The Function Of A Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps) System In The Preparation Of Porous Tungsten Gradient Precursors?

Learn how SPS uses pulsed current and axial pressure to create stable, porous tungsten precursors through low-temperature consolidation and bonding.

Why Compare Air And Nitrogen Atmospheres In Czts Post-Annealing? Isolate Oxygen's Impact For Higher Efficiency

Learn why comparing air and N2 atmospheres is vital for CZTS solar cells to distinguish between thermal crystallinity and oxidative passivation.

What Is The Primary Function Of An Air Oxidation Furnace In Carbon Chain Synthesis? Optimize Swcnt Pretreatment

Learn how air oxidation furnaces selectively etch SWCNT caps at 450°C-500°C to enable precursor entry for confined carbon chain synthesis.

What Conditions Does A Tube Furnace Provide For The Carbonization Of Aerogels? Master Precision Thermal Control

Learn how tube furnaces provide 300°C precision and nitrogen atmospheres to transform cellulose and chitosan aerogels into carbon skeletons.

Why Is The Thermal Sintering Process In A Muffle Furnace Necessary For Post-Processing Aluminum Matrix Composites?

Learn why muffle furnace sintering is vital for aluminum composites, focusing on atomic diffusion, densification, and mechanical bond strength.

What Is The Specific Function Of The High Vacuum In Sic/Cu-Al2O3 Sintering? Achieve 1.5X10^-2 Pa For Peak Density

Learn how a high vacuum environment (1.5x10^-2 Pa) prevents oxidation and eliminates porosity in SiC/Cu-Al2O3 composites during hot press sintering.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In The Preparation Of Cu-Mnox/Gf Catalytic Electrodes? | Enhanced Synthesis Guide

Learn how muffle furnaces drive Cu-MnOx/GF catalytic electrode synthesis through precise thermal control and crystalline nanoparticle development.

How Do Dual-Zone Tube Furnaces Facilitate The Growth Of Bire2O6 Single Crystals? Precision Gradient Control Explained

Learn how dual-zone tube furnaces use a 750°C to 720°C temperature gradient to grow high-quality, macro-sized BiRe2O6 rectangular single crystals.

What Are The Primary Process Objectives Of Using An Infrared Belt Furnace? Optimize Topcon Solar Cell Metallization

Learn how infrared belt furnaces optimize TOPCon solar cells by decomposing organics, melting glass frit, and preparing electrodes for LECO.

How Does Thermal Treatment In A Tube Furnace Improve Biomass Films? Enhance Heat Management Via Graphitization

Learn how tube furnace thermal treatment transforms biomass into conductive carbon spheres to achieve high in-plane thermal conductivity.

How Does A Muffle Furnace Convert Goethite To Hematite? Unlock Precision Thermal Dehydration

Learn how laboratory muffle furnaces enable the precise phase transformation of goethite to hematite while preserving nanostructure at 300 °C.

How Does A Hot Pressing (Hp) System Achieve Full Densification? Achieve 100% Density In Ti-5Al-4W-2Fe Alloys

Learn how hot pressing systems use axial pressure and thermal energy to eliminate porosity and reach 100% theoretical density in titanium alloys.

What Role Does The Hot Zone Of A Horizontal Tube Furnace Play In Cvd For Ito? Master Thin Film Precision

Learn how the hot zone acts as the engine for ITO thin film CVD, from carbothermal reduction to controlling vapor migration and film quality.

What Is The Function Of A High-Temperature Box-Type Resistance Furnace In Rgo Synthesis? Optimize Your Carbonization

Learn how high-temperature box furnaces facilitate deep carbonization, exfoliation, and reduction of precursors into high-quality graphene oxide.

What Is The Core Role Of A Laboratory Muffle Furnace In Rice Husk-Based Biochar? Master Your Pyrolysis Process

Learn how laboratory muffle furnaces provide the hypoxic environment and precise thermal control needed to transform rice husk into stable biochar.

Why Is The Use Of A Programmable Box Furnace Critical For The Preparation Of U0.92Mn3Si2C? Ensure Synthesis Precision

Learn why programmable box furnaces are essential for U0.92Mn3Si2C synthesis, ensuring precise thermal control and defect-free crystal growth.

What Is The Purpose Of Performing High-Temperature Calcination On Diatomite? Boost Reactivity For Geopolymer Prep

Learn how 800°C calcination transforms inert diatomite into reactive amorphous silica, essential for high-strength alkali-activated materials.

What Role Does A Laboratory Muffle Furnace Play In Cotton Waste Biochar? Precision Pyrolysis For Carbonization

Learn how laboratory-grade muffle furnaces facilitate the 500 °C carbonization of cotton mill waste into stable carbon skeletons for biochar.

What Core Process Conditions Does A High-Temperature Tube Furnace Provide For The Rapid Pyrolysis Of Coal?

Learn how high-temperature tube furnaces enable rapid coal pyrolysis through precise thermal control, inert atmospheres, and thermal shock.

What Role Does A Vertical Heating Furnace Play In The Production Of Nano-Glass Composites? Precision Shaping Experts

Learn how vertical heating furnaces use gravity and thermal precision to create perfect glass spheres for advanced nano-glass composites.

What Is The Primary Function Of A High-Temperature Tube Furnace In Se@Void@Blnc Preparation? Master Dual Synthesis

Learn how high-temperature tube furnaces enable simultaneous carbonization and selenization for creating advanced Zn-MOF derived nanostructures.

What Role Does A Tube Furnace Play In The Growth Of Epitaxial Thin Films Via Pad? Essential Guide To Precision Growth

Learn how tube furnaces enable epitaxial thin film growth through controlled polymer decomposition and high-temperature crystallization in PAD.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In The Post-Treatment Process Of Ruthenium-Chromium Oxide Aerogels? Key Insights

Learn how muffle furnaces activate Ru-Cr oxide aerogels through phase transition and purification while managing sintering risks for peak catalysis.

How Is A Muffle Furnace Utilized In The Rtac Strategy? Precision Atomic Engineering For High-Performance Catalysts

Learn how muffle furnaces induce thermal stress and lattice distortion in catalyst processing via the Rapid Thermal Annealing-Cooling (RTAC) strategy.

Why Use A Muffle Furnace For Aas Concrete Testing? Achieve Precise Thermal Analysis For High-Temperature Performance

Learn why precise temperature control in muffle furnaces is vital for evaluating Alkali-Activated Slag (AAS) concrete durability and strength.

What Is The Role Of A Three-Zone Tube Furnace In Hpht Nanodiamond Pretreatment? Unlock Precise Surface Activation

Learn how three-zone tube furnaces use aerobic oxidation to purify HPHT nanodiamonds and create hydroxyl groups for superior chemical bonding.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory High-Temperature Furnace In Llzo Crystal Phase Regulation? Optimize Li-Ion Electrolytes

Discover how precise furnace control drives the cubic phase transition in LLZO while preventing lithium loss and microstructural degradation.

How Do Laboratory High-Temperature Resistance Furnaces Simulate Industrial Production Processes For 01Yut Steel?

Learn how high-temperature resistance furnaces use precise reheating control and heating rates to simulate industrial 01YUT steel production.

What Is The Function Of An Industrial Muffle Furnace In Stir Casting? Enhance Aluminum Matrix Composite Production

Learn how industrial muffle furnaces optimize stir casting by providing precise melting, particle pre-treatment, and enhanced interfacial bonding.

How Do Vacuum Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps) Systems Compare To Traditional Furnaces? Achieve Nanometric Grain Control

Learn how Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) inhibits grain growth compared to traditional furnaces through rapid heating and direct volumetric current.

Why Is Precise Temperature Control Programming Indispensable For Sfc Research? Optimize Sintering Process Success

Master Silico-Ferrite of Calcium (SFC) research with precise thermal profiles to isolate metastable phases and optimize industrial sintering parameters.

Why Is A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Required For The Secondary Calcination Of Sc-Nmno? Key To Single Crystals

Learn how 1050°C calcination in a muffle furnace transforms P2-type Na0.67Mn0.67Ni0.33O2 into single crystals to enhance battery stability.

What Is The Function Of A High-Temperature Box Resistance Furnace? Optimize Hierarchical Zeolite Synthesis

Learn how high-temp box furnaces drive zeolite calcination at 450°C to clear pore channels, stabilize structures, and anchor Ni-Co metal catalysts.

What Is The Function Of A Tube Resistance Furnace Within A Cvd System? Key Roles In Thermal Activation & Film Quality

Learn how tube resistance furnaces drive Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) by creating precise thermal zones for superior thin film quality.

What Is The Primary Role Of The Thermal Oxidation (To) Process In Ti-6Al-4V Eli Alloy? Enhancing Hardness And Wear

Learn how Thermal Oxidation (TO) transforms Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy surfaces into a wear-resistant ceramic barrier through controlled in situ oxidation.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In Bouligand Ceramic Aerogel Production? Essential Ceramization & Solidification

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces drive ceramization, cross-linking, and organic removal in Bouligand structural ceramic aerogels.

What Is The Role Of A Vacuum Annealing Furnace In U-6Nb Alloy Powder? Achieve High-Purity Dehydrogenation

Learn how vacuum annealing furnaces enable dehydrogenation and oxidation protection in Uranium-Niobium (U-6Nb) powder production.

Why Is A High-Purity Argon Environment Required During Iron Melting? Ensure Precise Steel Oxide Inclusion Simulation

Learn why high-purity argon is critical for iron melting simulations, preventing atmospheric contamination and ensuring precise oxide analysis.

What Functions Does A Laboratory Muffle Furnace Perform During Composite Film Fabrication? Expert Guide

Learn how muffle furnaces optimize composite film fabrication through precise moisture removal, additive pretreatment, and structural bonding.

Vacuum Hot Pressing Sintering Vs. Ultrasonic-Assisted Casting For Cnt/Al Composites: Choosing The Right Method

Compare VHP and ultrasonic casting for CNT/Al composites. Learn how vacuum hot pressing offers superior density vs. the scalability of casting.

What Is The Role Of Refractory Lining In Controlling Heat Loss? Maximize Efficiency And Safety In High-Temp Furnaces

Learn how refractory linings act as a thermal barrier to reduce shell heat loss, improve process stability, and protect personnel from hazards.

What Are The Main Advantages Of Crucible Furnaces? Unmatched Flexibility For Small-Scale Melting

Discover the key benefits of crucible furnaces: operational simplicity, low cost, precise temperature control, and unmatched alloy flexibility for small-to-medium-scale melting.

What Are The Features Of Multi-Zone Tube Furnaces? Unlock Precision Heating For Your Lab

Explore multi-zone tube furnace features: independent zone control, precise gradients, and enhanced uniformity for advanced thermal processing in labs.

What Are The Dimensions And Temperature Capabilities Of Single Zone Horizontal Tube Furnace Models? Explore Key Specs For Your Lab

Learn about single-zone horizontal tube furnace dimensions, temperature ranges up to 1800°C, and how to choose the right model for annealing, synthesis, and high-temperature processing.

How Is The Box Furnace's Door Secured And What Safety Feature Does It Have? Ensuring Safe Operation With Robust Design

Learn how box furnace doors use mechanical hinges and safety interlocks for secure closure and automatic power cutoff to prevent hazards.

What Types Of Materials Can A Box Furnace Handle? Versatile Solutions For Metals, Ceramics, And More

Explore box furnace material compatibility for metals, ceramics, and advanced materials. Learn how temperature, atmosphere, and processes define suitability.

What Are The Types Of Dental Ceramic Furnaces Available? Choose The Right One For Your Lab

Explore dental ceramic furnace types: Ceramic, Combination, and Sintering for precise material processing in labs.

How Does Vacuum Technology Benefit Dental Furnace Operations? Achieve Superior Dental Restorations

Discover how vacuum technology in dental furnaces eliminates porosity, prevents contamination, and ensures consistent, high-quality restorations for better clinical outcomes.

How Do Sc Type Silicon Carbide Heating Elements Contribute To Powder Metallurgy? Achieve Uniform Sintering For Dense Parts

Discover how SC Type SiC heating elements enable uniform heat in powder metallurgy sintering, reducing defects and ensuring consistent part quality.

What Types Of Materials Can Be Processed Using Induction Heating? A Guide To Conductive & Non-Conductive Materials

Discover which materials work with induction heating, from metals and semiconductors to workarounds for non-conductive materials like ceramics and glass.

How Does A Laboratory Furnace Work? Master The Heating Mechanisms For Your Lab

Learn how lab furnaces work: from electric resistance and induction heating to vacuum & atmosphere control. Choose the right furnace for your application.

How Does The Size Of Crucible Furnaces Impact Their Use? A Guide To Choosing The Right Scale

Learn how crucible furnace size determines application, cost, and efficiency for labs, foundries, and small-scale metal melting.

What Are The Disadvantages Of Chemical Vapor Deposition? Managing High Heat, Hazardous Gases, And Complex Geometries

Explore the key limitations of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), including high temperatures, hazardous precursors, and challenges with uniform coating.

What Is Sintering In A Vacuum Atmosphere? Achieve Maximum Purity For High-Performance Parts

Learn how vacuum sintering prevents oxidation and ensures superior material purity for sensitive metals and ceramics, compared to atmosphere sintering.

What Is The Process Of Vacuum Tempering? Achieve Bright, Oxide-Free Parts With Superior Toughness

Learn how vacuum tempering enhances metal toughness and provides a clean, bright finish by eliminating oxidation in a controlled, oxygen-free environment.

What Are The Components Of Chemical Vapour Deposition? A Guide To The 3 Core Cvd Subsystems

Discover the 3 main components of a CVD system: the gas delivery system, reactor chamber, and exhaust system. Learn how they work together for thin film deposition.

What Are The Different Types Of Chemical Vapour Deposition? A Guide To Selecting The Right Cvd Process

Explore APCVD, LPCVD, PECVD, MOCVD & more. Understand how pressure, energy & precursors define CVD methods for your thin film application.

What Is The Purpose Of Chemical Vapour Deposition? To Grow High-Performance Materials From A Vapor

Discover how Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) creates pure, uniform thin films for semiconductors, diamond coatings, and advanced materials.

What Is Chemical Vapor Deposition Used For? A Guide To High-Performance Thin Films

Explore how Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) creates ultra-thin films for semiconductors, sensors, and advanced materials.

What Is The Primary Role Of A Tube Furnace During Pre-Carbonization? Optimize Biomass-To-Hard-Carbon Conversion

Learn how tube furnaces facilitate bond cleavage and thermal stabilization at 400°C to transform biomass into stable hard carbon precursors.

Why Is A Laboratory Resistance Furnace Preferred For Al-5Er-Ti Alloys? Achieve High-Purity Homogeneity

Discover why resistance furnaces are the top choice for Al-5Er-Ti master alloys, offering 1100°C+ stability for precise titanium melting.

What Critical Conditions Does A Vacuum Sintering Furnace Provide For Cemented Carbides? Ensuring Peak Material Density

Learn how vacuum sintering furnaces provide precise thermal ramps, high-purity atmospheres, and cobalt liquefaction to ensure carbide integrity.

Why Is An Argon Atmosphere Required During Sps Of Ti-6Al-4Zr-4Nb Alloys? Protect Your High-Performance Titanium

Discover why high-purity argon is essential in SPS to prevent oxidation, preserve chemical integrity, and ensure the strength of Ti-6Al-4Zr-4Nb.

Why Is A Vacuum Annealing Furnace Necessary For Pbf-Lb/M Titanium Alloys? Optimize Material Integrity

Learn why vacuum annealing is essential for 3D-printed titanium to relieve stress, transform microstructures, and prevent oxidation.

Why Is A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Necessary For Sio2@Cuo/G-C3N4 Synthesis? Achieve Precision Phase Transformation

Learn why muffle furnaces are critical for SiO2@CuO/g-C3N4 catalysts, ensuring precise polycondensation and active CuO phase transformation.

What Role Does Rotary Mechanical Stirring Play In The High-Temperature Synthesis Of Mesophase Pitch? Maximize Homogeneity

Learn how rotary stirring at 300-500 rad/min ensures uniform free radical transfer, heat diffusion, and sphere growth in mesophase pitch synthesis.

How Is The Pore Structure Of En-Lcnf Characterized? Advanced Bet And Dft Analysis Of Carbon Nanosheets

Learn how EN-LCNF pore structures are characterized using BET and DFT models to analyze surface area and pore size for superior rate performance.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Muffle Furnace In The Post-Treatment Of Htc Products? Engineering Carbon Excellence

Learn how laboratory muffle furnaces enable dehydration, polycondensation, and morphological control to produce carbon microspheres from biomass.

Why Is A Laboratory Muffle Furnace Core To Cct Nanocatalyst Prep? Optimize Your Calcination Results

Discover how muffle furnaces drive phase transformation and impurity removal in CCT nanocatalysts to enhance stability and electron transfer.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A High-Precision Annealing Furnace For Grcop-42? Optimize Your Additive Manufacturing

Unlock 390 W/mK thermal conductivity in GRCop-42 parts. Learn how high-precision annealing resets microstructure and refines grains post-printing.

Why Is A Muffle Furnace Essential For Ni And Zn-Doped Mgo Nanoparticles? Master Calcination For Pure Phase Synthesis

Learn how muffle furnaces enable thermal decomposition and dopant integration to produce high-quality Ni/Zn-doped MgO nanoparticles.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A High-Pressure Oxygen Annealing Furnace For La1-Xsrxmno3 Thin Films?

Learn how high-pressure oxygen annealing restores stoichiometry and electromagnetic performance in LSMO thin films by eliminating oxygen vacancies.

Why Is The Temperature Control Capability Of A Muffle Furnace Critical During The Preparation Of Ba2M0.4Bi1.6O6?

Learn why precise 950°C temperature control is vital for synthesizing Ba2M0.4Bi1.6O6 and achieving the perfect double perovskite phase structure.

What Role Does A Vacuum Induction Furnace Play In Removing Phosphorus Impurities From Silicon? Advanced Vapor Refining

Learn how vacuum induction furnaces remove phosphorus from silicon through high-vacuum volatilization, ensuring high-purity material for performance.

How Does A Vacuum Tube Furnace Support The Sintering Process Of Np-Cusn Films? Achieve High-Purity Intermetallic Joints

Learn how vacuum tube furnaces utilize atmosphere control and precise thermal management to sinter nanoporous copper-tin films without oxidation.

How Does A Horizontal Tube Furnace Facilitate The Single-Step Annealing Of Bzsm Nanophosphors? Expert Thermal Control

Learn how horizontal tube furnaces enable single-step annealing of BZSM nanophosphors by locking metastable phases through precise thermal control.

What Experimental Conditions Does A High Vacuum Annealing Furnace Provide? Testing Diffusion Barrier Stability

Learn how high vacuum annealing furnaces at 1.2 x 10^-4 Pa and 800 °C enable precise thermal stability testing by eliminating oxidation.

What Role Do High-Temperature Heating Systems Play In Aluminum Melt Infiltration? Expert Thermal Control Solutions

Learn how precise heating systems control viscosity and fluidity to ensure flawless aluminum melt infiltration and high-density foam production.

What Is The Importance Of Programmable Temperature Control In A Muffle Furnace? Master G-C3N4 Synthesis Precision

Learn how programmable temperature control and precise ramp rates are essential for high-quality g-C3N4 synthesis via pyrolysis.

How Is A Muffle Furnace Utilized During The Raw Material Preparation Stage? Optimize Your Lab Results Today

Learn how muffle furnaces ensure chemical purity through high-temp pretreatment, decarbonization, and pre-sintering in lab material preparation.

How Does A Bidirectional Alternating Cyclic Gas Quenching System Improve Results? Eliminate The Shadow Effect

Learn how bidirectional gas quenching eliminates the shadow effect to ensure uniform cooling and hardness in gear processing.