What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In The Obd Process For Ti-6Al-4V? Enhance Alloy Surface Hardening Precision

Learn how muffle furnaces create the essential oxide reservoir for Oxygen Boosted Diffusion in Ti-6Al-4V alloys at temperatures of 600-850°C.

What Is The Role Of A Muffle Furnace In Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Precursor Synthesis? Key Roles In Thermal Condensation

Learn how muffle furnaces enable g-C3N4 synthesis through precise 550°C air pyrolysis and controlled thermal condensation of urea precursors.

What Is The Primary Function Of High-Temperature Melting Furnaces In Aluminum Alloy Production? Master The Melt

Discover how high-temperature melting furnaces transform aluminum scrap and primary metal into precise, molten alloys for high-quality production.

What Is The Significance Of The Muffle Furnace Heat Treatment In Si@Sn@C Preparation? Unlock Structural Stability

Learn how the 300°C muffle furnace pre-treatment stabilizes Si@Sn@C composites, relieves stress, and prepares the framework for carbon coating.

How Does Muffle Furnace Pretreatment Of Kaolin Improve Biodiesel Synthesis? Boost Transesterification Efficiency Now

Learn how thermal activation of kaolin in a muffle furnace creates porous catalyst carriers to maximize biodiesel conversion and purity.

What Are The Critical Functions Of A Muffle Furnace In Perovskite Synthesis? Master High-Purity Precursor Production

Learn how muffle furnaces drive solid-state reactions, ensure phase purity, and control microstructure during perovskite precursor synthesis.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Muffle Furnace In G-C3N4/Bi2Wo6 Preparation? Expert Guide To Thermal Synthesis

Learn how muffle furnaces enable thermal polymerization and deamination for g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 composites through precise 550°C heating programs.

What Function Does A Muffle Furnace Perform In Converting Precursors Into Cso? Key Insights For Material Synthesis

Learn how muffle furnaces facilitate MOF pyrolysis and oxidation to synthesize high-purity metal-doped cobalt spinel oxide (CSO) at 400°C.

What Are The Primary Differences In Sintering Strategies For Ceramic Membranes? Optimize Your Thermal Processing

Learn the key differences between step-wise and single-step sintering for multi-channel and hollow fiber ceramic membranes to improve efficiency.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Tube Furnace Play In Transforming Photopolymerized Parts Into Fully Aromatic Polyimide?

Learn how high-temperature tube furnaces drive chemical imidization and eliminate acrylate frameworks to create high-performance polyimides.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of High-Temperature Pyrolysis? Unlock Superior Pfas Removal With Enhanced Hydrophobicity

Learn how high-temperature pyrolysis (900–1000 °C) modifies activated carbon to eliminate aliphatic groups and maximize PFAS adsorption efficiency.

Why Is A High Vacuum Sintering Furnace Required For Cu-10Al-4Ni-4.8Fe Alloys? Unlock Superior Density & Purity

Learn why a high vacuum furnace is essential for Cu-10Al-4Ni-4.8Fe alloys to prevent oxidation and ensure high-density atomic diffusion.

What Function Does A Muffle Furnace Serve In Zto Thin Film Post-Treatment? Optimize Solar Cell Performance

Learn how muffle furnaces drive ZTO thin film crystallization at 500°C, enhancing transparency, density, and stability for solar applications.

How Is A Muffle Furnace Utilized To Determine The Thermal Stability Of Naa Zeolite? Expert Stress-Test Analysis

Learn how muffle furnaces define the thermal boundaries of NaA zeolite through gradient heating to ensure structural integrity up to 600°C.

What Reaction Conditions Does A Muffle Furnace Provide For G-C3N5 Synthesis? Optimize Your Photocatalyst Production

Learn how precise temperature control, heating rates, and atmospheric conditions in a muffle furnace facilitate g-C3N5 polycondensation.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In The Post-Treatment Of Fe2O3 Photoanodes? Optimize Hematite Phase Transformation

Learn how muffle furnace annealing converts Fe2O3 precursors into active hematite and reduces resistance for high-efficiency photoanodes.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Muffle Furnace During The Initial Stages Of Lignin And Humic Substance Extraction?

Learn how muffle furnaces utilize 700°C thermal pretreatment and ashing to convert biomass into mineral-rich ash for extraction processes.

Why Are The Sn-Flux Method And Vacuum Sealing Necessary For The Synthesis Of Ndmn2Ge2 Single Crystal Materials?

Learn why vacuum sealing and the Sn-flux method are essential for NdMn2Ge2 synthesis to prevent oxidation and ensure high-purity crystal growth.

What Core Roles Does A Muffle Furnace Play In The Crystal Growth Of Nanbo3:Pr3+? Enhance Your Material Synthesis

Discover how muffle furnaces enable NaNbO3:Pr3+ synthesis through 1075 °C thermal regulation, phase transformation, and ionic doping optimization.

How Do Heating Devices And Alkaline Impregnation Tanks Coordinate In Biochar Activation For Maximum Adsorption?

Learn how heating devices and impregnation tanks coordinate to drive chemical corrosion, exfoliation, and pore expansion in biochar activation.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Preheating Charge Materials For C95800 Aluminum Bronze? Eliminate Porosity Defects

Learn why preheating C95800 charge materials to 600-700°C is essential for moisture removal, hydrogen control, and defect-free bronze casting.

Why Is A Blank Control Experiment Without A Sample Required? Ensure Accuracy In Oxide Scale Measurement

Learn why blank control experiments are essential for eliminating buoyancy effects and thermal drift to reveal true material oxidation kinetics.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In Biomass Pellet Torrefaction? Optimize Your High-Temperature Processing

Learn how Muffle Furnaces provide the thermal precision and oxygen-free environment required for high-quality biomass torrefaction.

What Are The Advantages Of Directly Adding Heat Carriers To Oil Sludge? Boost Efficiency & Preserve Resource Value

Learn how direct mixing of heat carriers with high-moisture sludge streamlines pyrolysis, prevents oil loss, and simplifies system design.

What Is The Function Of A Muffle Furnace During Cu–Ce/Hzsm-5 Production? Optimize Calcination & Regeneration Stages

Learn how muffle furnaces enable precursor activation at 550°C and contaminant removal at 450°C for superior Cu–Ce/HZSM-5 adsorbent production.

How Is A Muffle Furnace Utilized During The Secondary Thermal Decomposition Of Zncl2-Impregnated Biochar?

Learn how muffle furnaces at 600°C drive catalytic etching and ZnO nanoparticle synthesis to enhance biochar adsorption performance.

Why Is A Two-Step Process Used For Waste Bone-Derived Carbon? Unlock Ultra-High Surface Area & Stability

Learn why pre-carbonization and chemical activation are essential for transforming waste bone into high-performance activated carbon.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In The Pretreatment Of Calcium Carbonate? Ensure Accurate Thermal Studies

Learn how muffle furnaces optimize calcium carbonate thermal decomposition studies by removing moisture for precise thermogravimetric analysis.

What Is The Role Of A Muffle Furnace In The Final Formation Of A Composite Photoanode? Master Heterojunction Synthesis

Learn how muffle furnaces enable precise calcination and interfacial engineering to create high-efficiency TiO2/g-C3N4 composite photoanodes.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In Processing Steel And Soil Samples For Cobalt Extraction? Essential Lab Guide

Learn how Muffle Furnaces utilize ashing and calcination to isolate cobalt from soil and plant samples for high-precision chemical analysis.

Why Is It Necessary To Thoroughly Dry Biomass Raw Materials Before Starting A Pyrolysis Experiment? Improve Yields

Learn why drying biomass is critical for pyrolysis: it maximizes bio-oil heating value, reduces acidity, and optimizes reactor energy efficiency.

What Is The Primary Technical Function Of A Muffle Furnace In Comn2O4 Synthesis? Achieve Precise Nano-Spinel Calcination

Learn how muffle furnaces enable CoMn2O4 synthesis via calcination, ensuring high crystallinity and optimal catalytic microstructure at 600 °C.

What Mechanism Causes The Formation Of Micro-Cracks In Zinc Clinker During Microwave Heating? Boost Leaching Efficiency

Learn how differential thermal stress and microwave absorption in magnetite and sphalerite create micro-cracks to improve zinc leaching porosity.

What Is The Role Of A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace In Glucose Sensor Prep? Optimize Metal Oxide Phase Transitions

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces drive calcination and phase transformations to create high-performance metal oxide glucose sensors.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Drying And Calcination In Nickel Laterite Ore Pretreatment? Optimize Your Smelting Efficiency

Learn how drying and calcination remove 40% moisture and decompose minerals in nickel laterite ore to slash energy costs and boost smelting speed.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Preheated Stainless Steel Plate When Processing Molten Glass? Avoid Thermal Stress.

Learn why preheating stainless steel plates to 480°C is essential for molten glass processing to prevent thermal shock and structural failure.

What Function Does A Muffle Furnace Serve In The Synthesis Of Glass Derived From Rice Husk Ash? High-Temp Precision

Learn how muffle furnaces enable vitrification, degassing, and contamination-free melting in the synthesis of high-purity glass from rice husk ash.

What Is The Function Of The Heating Device In The Micro-Kjeldahl Method? Master Protein Analysis In Mushrooms

Learn how heating devices drive oxidative decomposition and nitrogen conversion in the micro-Kjeldahl method for mushroom protein analysis.

What Is The Function Of A Sintering Aid Reservoir? Unlock Rapid Densification Via Mv-Sintering Technology

Learn how sintering aid reservoirs release volatile species to enable rapid densification and viscous flow in microwave sintering processes.

What Safety Measures Should Be Followed When Operating A Split Tube Furnace? Ensure Safe And Efficient Lab Operations

Learn essential safety protocols for split tube furnaces, including PPE, ventilation, and operational limits to prevent accidents and enhance lab safety.

Which Types Of Parts Are Mainly Suitable For Heat Treatment In A Vertical Vacuum Furnace? Optimize For Minimal Distortion

Discover ideal parts for vertical vacuum furnaces, including long cylindrical components and stackable items, to prevent distortion and ensure uniform heat treatment.

What Are The Main Components Of The Temperature Control System In The Box Type Annealing Atmosphere Furnace? Unlock Precise Heat Treatment

Learn about the temperature sensor, controller, and actuator in annealing furnace systems for accurate, uniform heating and improved material quality.

What Is A Reducing Atmosphere In A Furnace? Essential For Preventing Oxidation And Enhancing Material Properties

Learn how a reducing atmosphere in furnaces prevents oxidation, modifies surfaces, and improves material performance with gases like hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

What Comprises The Working Chamber Of A Box Type Resistance Furnace? Discover The Core Components For Efficient High-Temp Operations

Learn about the key components of a box furnace's working chamber, including the hearth, heating elements, insulation, and control systems for precise thermal management.

What Is A Dental Sintering Furnace And What Is Its Purpose? Achieve High-Strength Dental Restorations

Learn how dental sintering furnaces transform zirconia into durable crowns and bridges with precise temperature control and vacuum technology for optimal results.

What Are The Types Of Zirconia Used In Dental Applications? Choose The Right Material For Strong, Aesthetic Restorations

Explore 3Y, 4Y, and 5Y zirconia types for dental use, balancing strength and translucency to enhance restoration outcomes and patient satisfaction.

What Is The Sintering Process In A Porcelain Furnace? Achieve Strong, Dense Dental Restorations

Learn how sintering in porcelain furnaces transforms ceramic particles into durable, aesthetic dental prosthetics through precise heat treatment and atomic bonding.

What Is Zonal Heating In A Horizontal Tube Furnace? Master Precise Thermal Control For Your Lab

Explore zonal heating in horizontal tube furnaces: multi-zone design for superior uniformity and gradients in applications like CVD and crystal growth.

What Does A Graphite Furnace Do? Achieve Precise High-Temperature Atomization & Material Processing

Discover how graphite furnaces enable ultra-sensitive chemical analysis (GFAAS) and high-purity materials processing in controlled, oxygen-free environments.

Is A Work Tube Included With The Furnace? Customize Your Setup For Optimal Performance

Learn why work tubes are sold separately for furnaces and how to choose the right materials like quartz or alumina for your specific lab needs.

How Does The Gas Control System In A Cvd Tube Furnace Enhance Its Functionality? Achieve Precise Thin Film Deposition

Learn how gas control systems in CVD tube furnaces enable precise film composition, uniformity, and repeatability for advanced material engineering.

How Do Three-Zone Tube Furnaces Support Scalability? Bridge Lab To Industrial Production Seamlessly

Learn how three-zone tube furnaces ensure thermal uniformity for scalable advanced materials, reducing risks and accelerating R&D to industrial transition.

What Role Do Multi Zone Tube Furnaces Play In New Energy Research? Unlock Precise Thermal Control For Innovation

Explore how multi-zone tube furnaces enable precise thermal gradients for advanced battery, fuel cell, and solar material research in new energy development.

How Are Multi Zone Tube Furnaces Used In Ceramics, Metallurgy And Glass Research? Unlock Precise Thermal Control For Advanced Materials

Explore how multi-zone tube furnaces enable precise thermal gradients for sintering, annealing, CVD, and crystal growth in ceramics, metallurgy, and glass research.

What Temperature Range Do Ceramic Furnaces Typically Operate At? Find The Right Heat For Your Materials

Explore ceramic furnace temperature ranges from 600°C to 1700°C+ for dental, porcelain, and technical applications. Learn how material and process dictate heat needs.

What Is Resistance Heating And How Is It Classified? Discover The Best Method For Your Thermal Needs

Learn about direct, indirect, and infrared resistance heating methods, their principles, applications, and how to choose the right one for efficiency and control.

What Are Graphite Furnace Elements? The Key To Extreme Heat In Industrial Processes

Learn why high-purity graphite furnace elements are essential for achieving temperatures up to 3000°C with superior uniformity and thermal shock resistance.

What Is The Specific Function Of A Muffle Furnace In Rice Straw Biochar Production? Key Pyrolysis Roles Explained

Learn how muffle furnaces enable pyrolysis by creating an oxygen-limited environment to transform rice straw into high-quality biochar at 600°C.

What Role Does A Tube Furnace Play In The High-Temperature Modification Of La-Eps-C-450? Key Synthesis Insights

Discover how tube furnaces enable precise carbonization and atmosphere control for La-EPS-C-450 adsorbent synthesis at 450°C.

Why Is Precise Temperature Control In A Muffle Furnace Essential During The Secondary Calcination Of Acid-Etched Catalysts?

Learn why precise thermal control in muffle furnaces is vital to prevent sintering and maximize surface area in acid-etched catalyst calcination.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In Al2O3/Ptfe Composites? Optimize Sintering For Superior Performance

Learn how high-temperature box furnaces enable sintering, molecular rearrangement, and alumina locking in Al2O3/PTFE composite fabrication.

What Key Functions Does A Muffle Furnace Perform During The Industrial Analysis Of Coal Samples? Optimize Proximate Analysis

Learn how muffle furnaces analyze coal's volatile matter, ash content, and fixed carbon through precise temperature and atmosphere control.

Why Is Precise Heating Rate Control Necessary During The Pyrolysis Of Bamboo? Optimize Au-Nps/Bc Nanocomposite Quality

Learn why a slow heating rate (2°C/min) is critical for preserving bamboo's microstructure and ensuring uniform gold nanoparticle distribution.

What Is The Role Of A Muffle Furnace In The Synthesis Of Gold Nanoparticles Supported On Bamboo Biochar (Au-Nps/Bc)?

Learn how muffle furnaces enable simultaneous pyrolysis and gold reduction at 350°C to create high-purity Au-NPs/BC composite materials.

How Does A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Facilitate The Formation Of The Sr2Tio4 Semiconductor Structure?

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces drive Sr2TiO4 formation through 1373 K calcination and solid-state diffusion for semiconductor synthesis.

What Is The Function Of A Muffle Furnace In The Lss Process For Mxene Synthesis? Achieve Low-Temp Precision

Learn how muffle furnaces enable efficient, air-ambient MXene synthesis via the LSS process through precise 150°C thermal stability.

What Physical Conditions Does A Tube Furnace Provide For Core-Shell Catalysts? Precision Reduction & Smsi Control

Learn how tube furnaces provide controlled reducing atmospheres and thermal energy to drive SMSI and encapsulate core-shell catalyst architectures.

What Are The Key Specifications Of Vacuum Carburizing Furnaces? Optimize Your Heat Treatment Process

Learn about vacuum carburizing furnace specs like temperature range, vacuum level, and gas quench pressure for precise metallurgical control and quality.

What Is The Role Of A Muffle Furnace In The Preparation Of Biochar From Miscanthus Sinensis? Master Pyrolysis Control

Learn how muffle furnaces use 700°C heat and nitrogen atmospheres to transform Miscanthus sinensis into high-quality biochar via controlled pyrolysis.

How Do Laboratory-Scale Tube Furnaces Facilitate Coal Gasification? Precise Simulation For Industrial Success

Learn how laboratory tube furnaces replicate industrial gasification, enabling precise control over syngas production and ash behavior analysis.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Using A Muffle Furnace For Bi5O7No3 Synthesis? Master Phase & Thermal Transformation

Learn how muffle furnaces drive thermal decomposition and phase transformation to create pure-phase Bi5O7NO3 precursors.

What Are The Advantages Of Ceramic Tubes For Rotary Furnaces? Achieve Extreme Heat And Purity In Thermal Processing

Discover why ceramic tubes excel in rotary furnaces with superior high-temperature stability, chemical inertness, and durability for demanding applications.

What Features Are In A Vertical Vacuum Furnace's Control System? Unlock Precision And Automation

Explore the instrument control system features of vertical vacuum furnaces, including PLC automation, HMI interfaces, and safety sensors for reliable heat treatment.

What Is 'Hydrogen Disease' In Copper Heat Treatment And How Does Vacuum Annealing Prevent It? Learn To Avoid Catastrophic Failure

Discover how hydrogen disease causes copper brittleness and why vacuum annealing is the definitive solution to prevent internal steam pressure and micro-cracks.

What Is The Basic Principle Of How A Vacuum Press Works? Harness Atmospheric Pressure For Uniform Clamping

Learn how a vacuum press uses atmospheric pressure to apply even force for woodworking, composites, and materials research, ensuring flawless results.

What Is The Role Of Dental Sintering Furnaces In Dental Restorations? Transform Zirconia Into Durable, Aesthetic Teeth

Discover how dental sintering furnaces use precise heating to strengthen zirconia, ensuring durable, well-fitting, and natural-looking dental restorations.

What Factors Should Be Considered When Selecting A Horizontal Electric Furnace? Ensure Precision And Efficiency For Your Lab

Learn key factors like temperature range, atmosphere control, and automation for selecting the right horizontal electric furnace for your thermal processing needs.

What Is The Specific Role Of A Muffle Furnace In The Preparation Of Corn Straw Biochar? Optimize Pyrolysis Success

Learn how muffle furnaces enable precise, oxygen-limited pyrolysis to transform corn straw into stable, porous biochar at 350°C.

How Does A Vacuum Brazing Furnace Enhance 17-4Ph Aging? Precision Microstructure & Superior Surface Integrity

Learn how vacuum brazing furnaces optimize 17-4PH stainless steel aging through precise temperature control and oxidation-free environments.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Cvd Tube Furnace In The Preparation Of Multi-Layer Graphene? Expert Guide

Learn how CVD tube furnaces enable Multi-Layer Graphene (MLG) synthesis through precise thermal control and gas regulation at 1000 °C.

What Experimental Conditions Does An Industrial High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Provide For Thermal Stress Testing?

Learn how industrial muffle furnaces provide uniform heating and controlled rates for precise thermal stress testing of stainless steel materials.

Why Is Reaching A Specific Temperature Threshold Critical During The Peat Carbonization Process? Unlock Pure Metallurgy

Learn why 444.6°C is the critical threshold for sulfur removal in peat carbonization to ensure high-quality, contaminant-free metal production.

What Is The Function Of A High-Temperature Graphite Gas Furnace In The Sintering Of Silicon Nitride (Si3N4)?

Learn how high-temperature graphite furnaces drive alpha-to-beta phase transformation and densification in silicon nitride sintering up to 1850°C.

What Are The Primary Objectives Of Using A Muffle Furnace In The Cyclic Catalyst Preparation Process? Achieve Precision

Learn how muffle furnaces optimize catalyst preparation through ligand decomposition, oxide conversion, and precise film thickness control.

Why Are Thin Iron Sheets Placed With Iron Ore Pellet Samples? Ensure Data Accuracy In Load Softening Experiments

Learn how thin iron sheets prevent chemical reactions and carbon adsorption between pellets and graphite crucibles for accurate softening data.

Why Is The Precision Of A Temperature Control System Critical In Copper Brazing? Ensure Perfect Joints Every Time

Learn why precise temperature control is vital for copper brazing to ensure mechanical strength, preserve conductivity, and prevent material failure.

What Process Conditions Does A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Provide For Biomass Briquette Ash Analysis?

Learn why 800°C–900°C and an oxidation atmosphere are critical for biomass briquette ash content analysis and predicting industrial slagging risk.

What Role Does The Mechanical Pressure Applied By The Hot Pressing Mechanism Play? Optimize Densification Now

Learn how mechanical pressure drives densification in superhard materials by eliminating pores and enhancing mechanical properties.

What Is The Core Function Of A Vacuum Hot Press Sintering Furnace? Unlock High-Performance Ticn Composite Synthesis

Learn how vacuum hot press furnaces enable in-situ synthesis and densification of TiCN-reinforced composites through thermal and mechanical synergy.

What Is The Function Of A Muffle Furnace In Znnps Synthesis? Achieve Pure, Crystalline Zinc Oxide

Learn how muffle furnaces enable calcination and crystallization in ZnNPs green synthesis to produce high-purity crystalline zinc oxide powder.

Why Is A Furnace System Equipped With Multiple Thermocouples Necessary For Tungsten Testing? Achieve Thermal Precision

Learn why multi-point thermocouple monitoring is essential for eliminating temperature gradients and ensuring data integrity in tungsten testing.

What Is The Role Of A Muffle Furnace In The Thermal Modification Of Wood? Optimize Daniellia Oliveri Durability

Learn how Muffle Furnaces enable the thermal modification of wood by providing precise, anaerobic heating to enhance stability and decay resistance.

Why Is The Pore Size Of Refractory Materials Significant? Unlocking Precision In Bubble Formation And Oxygen Impact

Understand how refractory pore size dictates bubble detachment and CO generation, essential for optimizing decarburization and stirring kinetics.

What Is The Technical Significance Of A Horizontal Tube Furnace With A Sliding Rail For Niox Annealing? Enhance Control

Learn how sliding rail tube furnaces simulate RTP to protect NiOx thin film interfaces and optimize crystallinity during thermal processing.

What Is The Application Of A Muffle Furnace In Biochar Characterization? Master Ash Analysis & Pyrolysis Control

Learn how muffle furnaces are used for ash content determination, controlled pyrolysis, and chemical activation in biochar research and production.

What Is The Primary Role Of An Industrial-Grade Oven In The Preparation Of Chitosan-Modified Soil Samples?

Learn why 105°C dehydration for 24 hours is critical for chitosan-modified soil preparation to ensure precise biopolymer concentration and control.

How Does A Muffle Furnace Facilitate The Formation Of Ru-2 Cluster Catalysts? Precision For Ruthenium Calcination

Learn how precise 200°C muffle furnace calcination enables controlled oxidation and stable Ru-Al2O3 interactions for superior Ru-2 catalysts.

How Is A Muffle Furnace Applied In The Active Sulfur Coating Process? Achieve 155 °C Precision For Catalyst Composites

Learn how muffle furnaces enable sulfur infiltration into catalyst micropores at 155 °C to create stable, high-performance battery composites.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A High-Temperature Tube Furnace With A Steam Generator For Loca Simulation?

Learn how tube furnaces and steam generators simulate LOCA environments to test Accident Tolerant Fuel (ATF) coatings at 1200°C.

What Is The Primary Role Of A Dual-Temperature Zone Tube Furnace In Cvt? Precision Gradient Control For Sns2 Synthesis

Learn how dual-zone tube furnaces enable SnS2 single crystal growth by creating the precise thermal gradients required for Chemical Vapor Transport.