Why Is The Continuous Injection Of High-Purity Argon Required? Achieve Unmatched Purity In Cast Iron Melting

Learn why high-purity argon injection is essential for cast iron melting to prevent oxidation and ensure accurate metallurgical nitrogen data.

What Specific Function Does A Muffle Furnace Perform In Determining The Moisture Content Of Safou Pulp? Essential Guide

Learn how muffle furnaces establish a zero-moisture baseline for Safou pulp through 24-hour heat treatment at 100°C for accurate dehydration metrics.

How Does The Secondary Calcination Process Improve Na2Wo4-Loaded Catalysts? Optimize Surface Performance Today

Learn how secondary calcination at 1000°C creates core-shell structures to inhibit cation segregation and boost catalyst olefin yields.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In Refractory Bricks? Enhance Performance And Durability Testing

Learn how laboratory muffle furnaces drive phase transformation and performance testing to optimize high-quality refractory brick production.

Why Is A High-Temperature Box Resistance Furnace Essential For Failure Analysis? Master Tgo Growth And Isothermal Testing

Learn how high-temperature box furnaces isolate oxidation kinetics to predict the chemical lifespan and strain tolerance of thermal barrier coatings.

Why Is A Laboratory High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Necessary For Amccs Production? Ensure Coating Integrity

Discover why precision calcination at 220°C in a muffle furnace is vital for creating durable, high-performance AMCCS adsorbents.

What Is The Role Of A Vacuum Arc Furnace In Sn-Ag-Cu-Mn-Er Solder Alloy Smelting? Precision Melting For Purity

Learn how vacuum arc furnaces enable the synthesis of Sn-Ag-Cu-Mn-Er solder alloys by preventing oxidation and ensuring chemical homogeneity.

What Are The Applications Of A Laboratory Muffle Furnace In Biochar Evaluation? Optimize Your Biomass Research

Learn how muffle furnaces are used for biochar ashing, carbonization, and predictive fuel analysis of fruit and vegetable waste.

What Role Do Medium Frequency Induction Furnaces Play In Heat Treatment? Achieve Superior Metallurgical Properties

Discover how medium frequency induction furnaces enable precise annealing, quenching & tempering for superior hardness, strength & ductility in metals.

What Are The Key Features Of Box Type Electric Furnaces In Heat Treatment Processes? Achieve Precise Thermal Control For Superior Metallurgy

Explore key features of box type electric furnaces, including uniform heating, energy efficiency, and safety, for reliable heat treatment processes like annealing and quenching.

How Is Silicon Dioxide Deposited From Tetraethylorthosilicate (Teos) In Pecvd? Achieve Low-Temperature, High-Quality Sio2 Films

Learn how PECVD uses TEOS and plasma for low-temperature silicon dioxide deposition, ideal for sensitive electronics. Explore mechanisms, steps, and optimization tips.

How Are Porcelain Furnaces Utilized In The Ceramics Industry? Unlock Precision In Material Transformation

Explore how porcelain furnaces enable sintering, firing, and atmosphere control to produce durable ceramics for structural, electronic, and aesthetic applications.

What Industries Benefit From Using Drop-Bottom Quench Furnaces? Achieve Metallurgical Precision For Aerospace And Automotive

Discover how drop-bottom quench furnaces provide rapid, uniform quenching for aerospace, automotive, and manufacturing industries, ensuring superior strength and durability.

What Are The Key Advantages Of Using Electric Furnaces Across Industries? Boost Efficiency And Precision In Your Processes

Discover how electric furnaces offer precise temperature control, energy efficiency, and clean operations for enhanced industrial performance and quality.

What Are The Key Features Of A Cvd Furnace? Unlock Precision Thin-Film Deposition For Your Lab

Explore the essential features of CVD furnaces, including temperature control, gas delivery, and atmosphere management for high-purity thin films.

What Is The Historical Background Of Induction Furnace Development? From Faraday To Modern Metallurgy

Explore the evolution of induction furnaces from Faraday's 1831 discovery to 1900s industrial use, highlighting key inventors and global impact on metal purity and efficiency.

Why Are Induction Furnaces Considered Optimal For Aluminum Melting? Achieve High Efficiency And Purity

Discover why induction furnaces excel in aluminum melting with superior energy efficiency, precise temperature control, and enhanced metal purity for high-quality alloys.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In High-Belite Cement Clinker? Optimize Sintering With Precision Control

Learn how muffle furnaces enable two-stage heating (900°C to 1400°C) and thermal isolation for high-purity cement clinker mineral formation.

What Is The Function Of A Cold Tube Furnace For Magnesium Extraction? Achieve Ultra-Pure Metal With Vacuum Evaporation

Learn how a cold tube furnace extracts pure magnesium via vacuum evaporation-condensation, preventing oxidation for high-purity results.

Why Is Reduced Contamination Important In Vacuum Sintering? Achieve Purity And Strength In Your Materials

Learn how vacuum sintering prevents contamination, enhances material density, strength, and purity for superior performance in demanding applications.

How Does Vacuum Sintering Improve Surface Finish? Achieve Superior, Oxide-Free Results

Learn how vacuum sintering prevents oxidation for smoother, brighter surfaces, enhancing part quality and reducing secondary finishing costs.

What Is A Vacuum Sintering Furnace And What Is Its Primary Purpose? Achieve High-Purity, Dense Materials With Precision

Learn how vacuum sintering furnaces prevent oxidation and contamination to produce strong, pure components from metals and ceramics in controlled environments.

How Do Rotary Furnaces Compare To Muffle Furnaces? Choose The Right Furnace For Your Process

Compare rotary and muffle furnaces for heat treatment: continuous bulk processing vs. precise batch control. Learn key differences to optimize your lab or production.

What Are The Primary Industrial Applications Of Rotary Furnaces? Achieve Efficient High-Temperature Processing

Explore rotary furnace uses in metallurgy, chemical processing, and advanced materials for uniform heating and continuous operation in industrial applications.

What Is The Difference Between Traditional Metallurgical Processes And Powder Metallurgy? Choose The Right Metal Process

Explore the differences between traditional metallurgy and powder metallurgy, including process steps, material use, and applications for optimal manufacturing.

What Plasma Source Is Used In Pe-Cvd Tube Furnaces? Unlock Low-Temperature, High-Quality Deposition

Learn how a 300W RF plasma source in PE-CVD tube furnaces enables low-temperature, catalyst-free material deposition for sensitive substrates.

How Does Pecvd Compare To Lpcvd? Choose The Right Cvd Method For Your Lab

Compare PECVD and LPCVD: temperature, speed, and film quality differences for semiconductor and material science applications.

What Are The Primary Applications Of Vacuum Hot Press Furnaces? Achieve Superior Material Density And Purity

Explore vacuum hot press furnace uses in sintering, ceramics, composites, and brazing for high-performance, dense materials in aerospace, medical, and electronics.

How Do Rotary Furnaces Achieve Temperature Uniformity? Unlock Consistent Heating For Your Materials

Learn how rotary furnaces use rotation and advanced heating to ensure uniform temperature for powders and granules, enhancing material homogeneity.

What Processes Benefit From Rotary Furnaces In Material Sintering? Achieve Uniform Sintering For Powders And Ceramics

Discover how rotary furnaces enhance sintering for metal and ceramic powders, ensuring uniform heating, densification, and improved material properties.

What Types Of Materials Are Commonly Processed Using Vacuum Tempering? Achieve Superior Surface Integrity And Mechanical Properties

Discover common materials for vacuum tempering, including tool steels, HSS, and alloy steels, to prevent oxidation and ensure precise hardness and toughness.

What Are The Advantages Of Vacuum Sintering Over Other Sintering Methods? Achieve Superior Purity And Strength For Your Parts

Discover how vacuum sintering prevents oxidation, removes gases, and enhances density for stronger, cleaner parts in aerospace, medical, and electronics.

What Furnace Features Ensure High-Quality Firing? Achieve Uniform Sintering & Superior Results

Discover key furnace technologies like QTK muffle design, infrared predrying, and precise temperature control for uniform sintering and crack-free results.

What Is The Purpose Of Analyzing Dust From Furnace Walls Using Xrd? Confirm Magnesium Evaporation In Am60 Alloy

Learn how XRD analysis of furnace dust provides physical proof of magnesium evaporation during AM60 alloy refining, enabling precise process control and quality assurance.

What Is The Function Of A Muffle Furnace In 550°C Nicuce Catalyst Calcination? Master Your Thermal Transformation

Learn how high-temp muffle furnaces drive thermal decomposition, solid-phase reactions, and spinel formation to create durable NiCuCe catalysts.

Why Is A Box Muffle Furnace Used For The 800°C Annealing Of Titanium Lmd Samples? Optimize Your Material Performance

Learn why box muffle furnaces are essential for 800°C annealing of titanium alloys to eliminate stress and stabilize microstructure.

What Is The Critical Function Of A Vacuum Induction Furnace In The Preparation Of Fe-Cu-Nb-Mo-Si-B Master Alloys?

Learn how vacuum induction furnaces use electromagnetic stirring and oxidation protection to create high-purity, uniform Fe-Cu-Nb-Mo-Si-B alloys.

What Is The Primary Function Of A High-Frequency Induction Furnace In The Preparation Of Pre-Melted Desulfurizers?

Learn how high-frequency induction furnaces achieve 1600°C for complete liquefaction and homogenization of pre-melted desulfurizer powders.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory High-Temperature Muffle Furnace In The Carbonization Of Sunflower Seed Husks?

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces drive biomass carbonization through stable thermal fields and controlled pyrolysis for activated carbon.

What Is The Primary Objective Of Using A Box Annealing Furnace For 3D Zno Nanostructures? Engineer Grain Growth

Learn how box annealing furnaces control grain growth (10nm-70nm) in 3D ZnO nanostructures to optimize thermoelectric performance.

What Is The Mechanism Of The Thermal Reduction Process For Graphene Oxide-Cement? Master Thermal Activation In Furnaces

Understand how high-temperature muffle furnaces facilitate the in-situ deoxygenation of GO-cement to enhance electrical conductivity.

What Are The Technical Advantages Of Using An Aerodynamic Levitation Furnace? Achieve Ultra-Pure Silicate Melt Research

Discover how aerodynamic levitation furnaces eliminate crucible contamination and achieve 850°C/s cooling for superior silicate glass production.

How Is A Muffle Furnace Utilized In The Determination Of Ash Content In Biomass Samples? Accurate Analysis Guide

Learn how muffle furnaces isolate inorganic residues at 575°C to determine biomass ash content, evaluate fuel purity, and prevent slagging risks.

What Is The Importance Of Providing Technical Documentation For High-Temperature Furnaces In Multiple Languages?

Unlock global research potential with multilingual documentation for high-temp furnaces, ensuring safety, speed, and precision for R&D teams.

Why Is A Laboratory Resistance Furnace Preferred For Al-5Er-Ti Alloys? Achieve High-Purity Homogeneity

Discover why resistance furnaces are the top choice for Al-5Er-Ti master alloys, offering 1100°C+ stability for precise titanium melting.

What Role Does A High-Power Graphite Resistance Furnace Play In Sic Ceramic Treatment? Achieve Perfect Crystallization

Learn how graphite resistance furnaces drive SiC phase transformation and optimize micro-porosity for high-performance ceramic manufacturing.

How Does An Integrated System Of In-Situ Neutron Diffraction, High-Frequency Induction Heating, And Deformation Devices Address Technical Challenges In Metallurgical Research? Uncover Real-Time Microstructural Evolution

Learn how integrated in-situ neutron diffraction and induction heating solve metallurgical 'black box' problems by observing real-time deformation.

What Is The Specific Application Of A Muffle Furnace In Biochar Characterization Experiments? Optimize Ash Analysis

Learn how muffle furnaces enable precise ash content determination in biochar characterization through controlled 750°C thermal oxidation.

Why Is A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Necessary For Llzo Calcination? Master Phase Purity In Solid-State Electrolytes

Learn why muffle furnaces are essential for LLZO synthesis, ensuring phase purity and optimal garnet structures for high-performance batteries.

What Is The Function Of An Apcvd System In Single-Crystal Bilayer Graphene Synthesis? Unlock Precision Growth

Learn how APCVD systems maintain 1050°C environments and gas ratios to synthesize high-quality, defect-free single-crystal bilayer graphene.

What Is The Primary Function Of A High-Precision Drop Furnace? Master Flash Smelting Simulation Kinetics

Learn how high-precision drop furnaces simulate industrial flash smelting kinetics, capturing oxidation and ignition in under 100 milliseconds.

Why Must Precise Temperature Measurement And Upper-Limit Control Be Implemented During The Rotary Furnace Melting Of Ductile Iron?

Learn why controlling heat at 1480°C in rotary furnaces is vital for refractory life, metallurgical quality, and casting consistency.

What Role Does A High-Frequency Induction Furnace Play In The Melting Process Of Blast Furnace Slag? Expert Insights

Learn how high-frequency induction furnaces use electromagnetic heating and graphite crucibles to achieve 1773 K for uniform slag melting.

What Is The Primary Function Of The Vacuum Atmosphere In Diamond Tool Sintering? Prevent Oxidation & Enhance Bonding

Learn how vacuum atmospheres protect diamonds from graphitization and improve metal matrix bonding in hot pressing sintering furnaces.

Why Is A Muffle Furnace With Multi-Stage Programmable Heating Control Necessary For Sol-Gel Magnesium Oxide Synthesis?

Learn how multi-stage programmable muffle furnaces prevent structural failure and optimize porosity in sol-gel magnesium oxide production.

Why Is A Quartz Tube Preferred As The Reactor Body In Induction Heating? Maximize Efficiency & Energy Focus

Discover why quartz tubes are essential for induction ammonia decomposition, offering electromagnetic transparency and high thermal efficiency.

What Effect Does Changing The Diameter Of Staged Combustion Nozzles Have On The Flame Characteristics Of Radiant Tubes?

Learn how nozzle diameter impacts jet velocity, flame length, and heat distribution to achieve ultra-low NOx and thermal uniformity in radiant tubes.

Why Is A High-Purity Argon Supply System And A Flow Meter Integrated Into A Tube Furnace? Optimize Pyrolysis Quality

Learn how argon systems and flow meters prevent oxidation and secondary cracking in tube furnace pyrolysis for superior material results.

What Role Does A Drop Tube Furnace (Dtf) Play In Co-Combustion Research? Simulate High-Fidelity Industrial Conditions

Learn how Drop Tube Furnaces (DTF) replicate industrial boiler environments with heating rates up to 100,000 K/s for accurate coal combustion study.

Why Is Multiple Flipping And Remelting Necessary For Ti10Mo8Nb Alloy? Ensure Homogeneity In High-Performance Alloys

Learn why Ti10Mo8Nb alloy requires multiple remelting cycles to overcome density differences and achieve compositional uniformity in arc furnaces.

What Technical Advantages Do Medium-Frequency Induction Furnaces Provide? Enhance Your Ductile Iron Production

Learn how medium-frequency induction furnaces optimize ductile iron through rapid heating, thermal precision, and electromagnetic stirring.

How Does Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion (Oec) Improve Furnace Thermal Efficiency? Boost Energy Savings And Heat Recovery

Learn how Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion (OEC) increases furnace efficiency by reducing nitrogen heat sinks, lowering fuel consumption, and cutting exhaust.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Using A Quartz Tube Furnace For Mos2 Annealing? Unlock High Electrical Performance

Learn how quartz tube furnaces enable thermal recrystallization of MoS2 thin films at 600°C to optimize grain quality and electrical properties.

What Role Does A Vacuum Arc Melting Furnace Play In The Initial Preparation Of Crmnfeconi High-Entropy Alloys?

Learn how vacuum arc melting furnaces enable the initial synthesis of CrMnFeCoNi HEAs through high-energy arcs and inert gas protection.

Why Is A Fixed-Bed Tubular Reactor Used For The In-Situ Reduction Process? Enhance Catalyst Activation Efficiency

Learn why fixed-bed tubular reactors are critical for in-situ reduction, converting iron oxides into active metallic iron for methane decomposition.

What Is The Purpose Of Using An Industrial-Grade Vertical Tube Furnace In Phosphorus Recovery? High-Fidelity Simulation

Learn how vertical tube furnaces simulate industrial phosphorus recovery, enabling precise evaluation of refining conditions and slag-metal distribution.

Why Is A Programmable Temperature Control Box Furnace Required For Bi-2223? Ensure High-Purity Superconductor Synthesis

Learn how programmable furnaces ensure Bi-2223 purity by managing impurity decomposition and preventing premature phase transitions during calcination.

How Does A Precise Temperature Control System Facilitate Hdpe Conversion? Optimize Your Catalytic Pyrolysis Efficiency

Learn how precise 450°C temperature control and ZSM-5 catalysts drive HDPE phase transitions and C-C bond cracking for high-quality bio-char.

What Are The Advantages Of Benchtop Sps/Fast For Titanium R&D? Accelerate Your Microstructural Engineering

Discover how benchtop SPS and FAST systems optimize titanium alloy R&D through rapid heating, precise phase control, and material efficiency.

How Does An Elevator High-Temperature Furnace Ensure Process Efficiency? Optimize S53P4 Bioactive Glass Production

Learn how elevator furnaces optimize S53P4 bioactive glass production through rapid loading, 1400°C thermal uniformity, and precise positioning.

What Are The Core Functions Of A Muffle Furnace In The Annealing Process Of Sno2 Films? Optimize Your Tco Performance

Learn how muffle furnaces transform SnO2 films through crystallization, stress relief, and adhesion enhancement for superior conductivity.

What Are The Primary Applications Of A High-Precision Electric Furnace In Biomass Characterization? Unlock Key Insights

Master biomass and biochar analysis with high-precision electric furnaces for moisture determination, ashing, and volatile matter profiling.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Continuous Annealing Furnace? Optimize Silicon Steel Normalization & Performance

Learn how continuous annealing furnaces drive normalization, grain growth, and surface protection for high-quality silicon steel production.

What Is The Function Of A Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace? Advanced Metallurgy For 440 Mpa Copper-Bearing Steel

Learn how VIM furnaces ensure purity and precise alloying for high-strength 440 MPa shipbuilding steel through gas removal and chemical control.

What Is The Function Of A High-Precision Resistance Furnace In The Al-Mg-Si Alloy Melting Process? Achieve 750°C Stability

Learn how high-precision resistance furnaces stabilize Al-Mg-Si melting through thermal control, homogenization, and expert chemical balancing.

What Is The Significance Of Calculating Ac Impedance In The Power Control Of Indirect Heating Resistance Furnaces?

Learn how AC impedance calculations account for induction and eddy currents to optimize power control in indirect heating resistance furnaces.

What Is The Function Of A Non-Consumable Vacuum Arc Melting Furnace? Synthesizing Ultra-Pure Zr2Fe-Based Alloys

Learn how vacuum arc melting enables atomic-level homogenization and oxidation prevention for high-performance hydrogen isotope storage alloys.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Box Resistance Furnace Play In Hydroxyapatite/Zirconia Composite Preparation?

Learn how muffle furnaces drive densification, atomic diffusion, and grain boundary migration to create high-performance ceramic composites.

What Are The Core Technical Advantages Of Using Sps For Titanium Diboride Ceramics? Achieve High Density & Fine Grains

Discover how SPS enhances Titanium Diboride ceramics through rapid heating, plasma activation, and grain control for superior mechanical properties.

What Is The Purpose Of Pre-Baking Sapphire Substrates? Master Atomic Flatness For Superior Thin Film Growth

Learn why pre-baking sapphire substrates at 1000°C is essential for thermal cleaning, removing contaminants, and ensuring high-quality epitaxy.

How Is A Laboratory Muffle Furnace Utilized To Evaluate Sanmbr Sludge? Optimize Biomass Health & Process Stability

Learn how muffle furnaces measure Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) at 550°C to analyze biomass health and optimize SAnMBR wastewater treatment.

What Is The Core Function Of An Industrial Vacuum Sintering Furnace In Wc-8Co Production? Achieve Peak Density.

Learn how vacuum sintering furnaces drive liquid-phase sintering in WC-8Co carbide to achieve near-theoretical density and eliminate oxidation.

What Is The Function Of A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace For Nio Thin Films? Optimize Gas Sensing Performance

Learn how 500°C thermal annealing in a muffle furnace stabilizes NiO thin films, reduces conductivity, and enhances gas sensing for H2 and Acetone.

Why Is A Muffle Furnace Used Without Protective Gases For Molybdenum Alloys? Simulate Real-World Oxidation Conditions

Learn why testing molybdenum alloys in air at 600 °C is critical for simulating real-world aerospace and nuclear oxidation environments.

How Does A Vacuum Drying Oven Provide Superior Performance For Tio2/Ldh? Optimize Your Composite Material Properties

Discover why vacuum drying is essential for TiO2/LDH composites to prevent agglomeration and preserve critical surface active sites.

What Are The Unique Advantages Of Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps)? Unlock Ultrafine Carbide Strength

Discover how SPS furnaces outperform traditional sintering by decoupling densification from grain growth for superior cemented carbide production.

How Do Induction Furnaces Enhance Safety During The Smelting Process? Achieve Cleaner, Safer Metal Melting

Discover how induction furnaces eliminate open flames and harmful emissions, enhancing safety in smelting with internal heat generation and reduced risks.

What Are The Methods For Treating Exhaust Gas Using A Tube Furnace? Safely Neutralize Hazards In Your Lab

Learn about tube furnace exhaust treatment methods like combustion and adsorption to handle flammable gases, corrosives, and VOCs safely and effectively.

What Are The Benefits Of Using Drop-Bottom Quench Furnaces? Achieve Superior Metallurgical Precision And Rapid Quenching

Discover the key advantages of drop-bottom quench furnaces, including rapid quenching, precise temperature control, and enhanced mechanical properties for aerospace and automotive industries.

How Does A Channel Induction Furnace Operate? Efficiently Heat And Hold Molten Metal

Learn how a channel induction furnace uses transformer principles for targeted heating, ideal for energy-efficient holding of large molten metal volumes in industrial applications.

What Role Do Cvd Tube Furnace Sintering Systems Play In 2D Material Synthesis? Enabling High-Quality Atomic Layer Growth

Discover how CVD tube furnaces provide precise temperature, atmosphere control, and scalability for synthesizing 2D materials like graphene and TMDs.

Why Is Material Compatibility Important When Selecting A Dental Furnace? Ensure Strong, Aesthetic Dental Restorations

Learn how material compatibility in dental furnaces affects strength, aesthetics, and safety for zirconia and lithium disilicate restorations.

How Has Pecvd Been Utilized In The Photovoltaic Industry? Boost Solar Cell Efficiency With Advanced Thin Films

Explore how PECVD enhances solar cell efficiency through anti-reflective coatings and surface passivation, enabling cost-effective, high-performance photovoltaic production.

How Are Deposition Rates And Film Properties Controlled In Pecvd? Master Key Parameters For Optimal Thin Films

Learn how gas flow, pressure, plasma power, and temperature in PECVD control deposition rates and film quality for superior thin-film applications.

What Role Does Graphite Play In Heat Treatment Processes? Unlocking High-Temperature Processing Success

Discover why graphite is vital for heat treatment: exceptional thermal stability, chemical inertness, and superior thermal shock resistance for pure, high-temperature processing.

Can An Induction Furnace Melt Steel? Achieve Fast, Clean, And Controlled Steel Melting

Yes, induction furnaces are ideal for melting steel. Discover how they provide superior efficiency, precise temperature control, and high-purity melts for foundries and specialty steel production.

What Are The Technical Advantages Of Low-Pressure Vacuum Sintering? Maximize Mim Steel Part Purity And Density

Learn how low-pressure vacuum sintering improves MIM steel parts through precise carbon control, superior densification, and oxidation prevention.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In G-C3N4 Calcination? Master Precision Thermal Polycondensation

Learn how a muffle furnace drives deamination and polymerization at 550°C to create high-performance g-C3N4 nanosheets.

What Role Does A Vacuum Induction Melting (Vim) Furnace Play In The Recycling Of Low Alloy Steel? Ensure Purity.

Learn how VIM furnaces preserve critical alloying elements and remove impurities during the recycling and remelting of high-value low alloy steel.

Why Is A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Necessary For Sio2@Cuo/G-C3N4 Synthesis? Achieve Precision Phase Transformation

Learn why muffle furnaces are critical for SiO2@CuO/g-C3N4 catalysts, ensuring precise polycondensation and active CuO phase transformation.