What Are The Advantages Of A Fluidized Bed Vertical Tube Furnace? Unlock Superior Heat Treatment Efficiency

Discover the benefits of fluidized bed vertical tube furnaces: superior temperature uniformity, high heat transfer, and operational flexibility for efficient processing.

How Is The Quartz Tube Furnace Constructed For Vacuum Operations? Discover Key Design Elements For High-Temperature Vacuum Processing

Learn about quartz tube furnace construction for vacuum operations, including sealing methods, heating elements, and control systems for precise high-temperature environments.

What Are The Main Applications Of A Vertical Tube Furnace? Leverage Gravity For Superior Thermal Processing

Explore key uses of vertical tube furnaces in material synthesis, annealing, and high-purity processes with gravity-assisted uniformity and space efficiency.

What Is The Future Outlook For Three-Zone Tube Furnaces In Materials Innovation? Unlock Precision For Advanced Materials

Explore the growing role of three-zone tube furnaces in enabling breakthroughs in energy, electronics, and medicine through precise thermal control.

What Are Some Examples Of Applications For Three-Zone Tube Furnaces In Advanced Materials Processing? Unlock Precision Thermal Control For Your Lab

Explore applications of three-zone tube furnaces in CVD, annealing, and crystal growth for advanced materials in electronics, energy, and biomedical fields.

What Are The Advantages Of Chemical Vapor Sterilization? Protect Your Metal Instruments From Rust And Dulling

Discover how chemical vapor sterilization prevents rust and corrosion on metal instruments, ensuring longevity and sharpness with rapid, dry cycles.

What Is A Multi Zone Tube Furnace Used For? Unlock Precision Thermal Processing For Advanced Materials

Discover how multi-zone tube furnaces enable precise temperature gradients for CVD, crystal growth, and synthesis in labs and industries.

What Are The Key Features Of Three-Zone Tube Furnaces? Unlock Precision For Advanced Materials Processing

Explore three-zone tube furnace features like uniform heating, programmable gradients, and atmosphere control for reliable advanced materials synthesis.

What Distinguishes The 70Mm Tube Furnace From Other Sizes? Discover Its Versatile Balance For Lab Efficiency

Explore the 70mm tube furnace's advantages: ideal balance of sample capacity, thermal efficiency, and atmosphere control for research and pilot-scale applications.

What Role Does A Laboratory Tube Furnace Play In Geological And Mineralogical Research? Unlock Earth's Secrets With Precision

Explore how lab tube furnaces simulate Earth's crust conditions for rock melting, mineral recrystallization, and chemical reactions in geological studies.

What Is The Orientation Referred To By The Term 'Horizontal' In Horizontal Tube Furnaces? Optimize Your Thermal Processing With Expert Insights

Learn how horizontal tube furnaces enhance thermal uniformity and throughput for efficient material processing in labs and production.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Quartz Tube Furnace Hearth Compared To Traditional Designs? Achieve Superior Process Control And Purity

Discover the key benefits of quartz tube furnace hearths, including temperature uniformity, real-time monitoring, chemical inertness, and enhanced efficiency for precise material processing.

What Role Does Pecvd Play In Optical Coatings? Essential For Low-Temp, High-Precision Film Deposition

Discover how PECVD enables low-temperature deposition of optical coatings on heat-sensitive materials, with precise control for anti-reflective lenses and filters.

What Other Industries Benefit From Vertical Fluidized Bed Tube Furnaces? Boost Efficiency In High-Tech And Heavy Sectors

Explore how vertical fluidized bed tube furnaces enhance processes in metallurgy, semiconductors, and more with uniform heating and energy efficiency.

Why Choose A Vertical Tube Furnace Over A Horizontal Tube Furnace? Achieve Superior Uniformity And Purity

Discover the key advantages of vertical tube furnaces for high-purity applications, including better uniformity, reduced contamination, and space savings.

What Are The Main Advantages Of A Vertical Tube Furnace? Superior Purity, Uniformity, And Space Savings

Discover key benefits of vertical tube furnaces: superior temperature uniformity, minimal contamination, and compact design for labs and semiconductor manufacturing.

What Role Does A Tube Furnace Play In Tantalum Capacitor Recycling? Enhancing Metal Recovery Through Pyrolysis

Learn how tube furnaces use high-temperature pyrolysis to strip organic casings from tantalum capacitors, enabling efficient metal enrichment.

Why Use Argon And Hydrogen For Mns Nanosheet Cvd? Achieve High-Purity Synthesis Results

Learn why the Ar/H2 gas mixture is essential for MnS nanosheet CVD to ensure efficient precursor transport and prevent oxide contamination.

How Does Atmosphere Control Ensure Co1-Xs@Cnt Phase Purity? Key Steps For High-Purity Synthesis

Learn how precise atmosphere control in a tube furnace prevents oxidation and ensures phase purity in Cobalt Sulfide/Carbon Nanotube composites.

Why Is Temperature Gradient Management Necessary For High-Temperature Impedance Measurements? Master Thermal Precision

Learn how dual-zone temperature gradient management ensures stable chemical atmospheres and accurate data in impedance spectroscopy.

How Does A Drop Tube Furnace (Dtf) Contribute To Evaluating The Combustion Of Reducing Agents? Optimize Furnace Performance

Learn how Drop Tube Furnaces (DTF) simulate blast furnace kinetics to provide precise burnout rates and combustion efficiency for alternative fuels.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of A High-Temperature Furnace In Ammonia Decomposition? Maximizing Thermal Activation

Learn how high-temperature furnaces provide critical thermal energy for ammonia decomposition and explore efficiency vs. emission trade-offs.

Why Is A Strictly Controlled Argon (Ar) Atmosphere Required For Fe2O3@Pda Pyrolysis? Ensure Superior Carbonization

Learn why inert argon is critical for Fe2O3@PDA pyrolysis to prevent carbon shell combustion and ensure successful Fe3O4@C composite formation.

What Role Does A Vertical Tube Furnace Play In Ferronickel Reduction Smelting? Expert Process Simulation

Learn how Vertical Tube Furnaces simulate industrial ferronickel smelting through precise 1550°C control and atmospheric regulation.

How Does A Dual-Temperature Zone Tube Furnace Contribute To The Carbonization Of Biomass? Precise Material Engineering

Learn how dual-temperature zone tube furnaces enable multi-stage pyrolysis, oxygen-free atmospheric control, and high-performance carbon synthesis.

How Does A Tube Furnace Contribute To The Ammonia Reduction Annealing Process For (Niznmg)Mon Catalysts? Optimize Phase Transitions

Learn how tube furnaces provide the precision heating and controlled ammonia atmosphere required to synthesize high-performance (NiZnMg)MoN catalysts.

How Does Precise Temperature Control Affect Mos2/Rgo Hybrids? Mastering Nanowall Morphology

Learn how 600°C vs 700°C temperatures in muffle or tube furnaces dictate MoS2/rGO morphology for optimized ion diffusion and battery performance.

What Role Does A High-Purity Quartz Tube Play In Flash Joule Heating? Ensure Safety And Process Control

Learn why high-purity quartz tubes are essential for flash Joule heating, providing thermal shock resistance and controlled environments.

What Are The Benefits Of Using A Vertical Tube Furnace? Unlock Superior Homogeneity For Cobalt/Carbon Supports

Discover how vertical tube furnaces provide superior gas-solid contact, uniform thermal fields, and precise atmosphere control for material synthesis.

How Does Air Annealing In A Tube Furnace Enhance The Performance Of Tio2 Nanorods? Boost Crystallinity And Conductivity

Learn how air annealing in a tube furnace optimizes TiO2 nanorods by improving rutile phase transformation, crystallinity, and substrate adhesion.

What Is The Role Of A Horizontal Oxidation Furnace? Enhancing Silicon Micro-Tip Diffusion Barriers

Learn how horizontal oxidation furnaces grow dense 20-50nm SiO2 layers to protect silicon micro-tips from high-temperature diffusion and reaction.

Why Is An Argon Atmosphere Required For Ceo2 Nanostructures? Unlock High-Performance Carbonization

Learn why argon is essential for CeO2 calcination to prevent combustion, facilitate carbonization, and enhance battery material conductivity.

What Should Be Considered When Purchasing A Horizontal Tube Furnace? Key Factors For Your Thermal Process

Learn essential factors like temperature, atmosphere, and tube material for choosing the right horizontal tube furnace for your lab or production needs.

What Factors Affect The Price Of A Horizontal Tube Furnace? Key Drivers From Temperature To Control Systems

Explore how temperature, tube size, atmosphere control, and uniformity impact horizontal tube furnace costs, from basic units to high-end models for precise lab applications.

What Role Does A Vacuum Tube Furnace Play In Alcrsiwn Coating Annealing? Enhance Stability And Hardness

Learn how vacuum tube furnaces refine AlCrSiWN coatings through stress relief, self-hardening, and superior thermal stability via PID control.

What Are The Types Of Vacuum Tube Furnaces Based On? Key Classifications For Your Lab

Explore vacuum tube furnace types: horizontal, vertical, single-zone, multi-zone, static, and rotary designs for precise material processing.

How Does A Vacuum Tube Furnace Contribute To Product Sintering? Achieve Pure, High-Density Materials

Discover how vacuum tube furnaces enable sintering in oxygen-free environments for superior material purity, density, and performance in ceramics and alloys.

What Materials Are Used For The Furnace Tube And Why? Choose The Right Tube For High-Temp Success

Learn why quartz and alumina are top furnace tube materials, with insights on temperature limits, chemical resistance, and cost for optimal lab performance.

Why Is Gas Flow Distribution Critical In Lpcvd Alpha-Mnse Synthesis? Master Precise Nanosheet Morphology

Learn how gas flow distribution regulates precursor transport and supersaturation to ensure uniform alpha-MnSe nanosheet growth and geometry.

Why Is Annealing In A Heat Treatment Furnace Performed On Graphite Flake/Copper Composite Samples Before Performance Testing? Ensure Data Integrity For Precision Thermal Expansion Measurements

Learn why annealing graphite/copper composites at 300°C is critical to remove machining stress and ensure accurate thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) data.

For What Purpose Is A Chemically Reactive Atmosphere Used In A Furnace? To Transform Material Surfaces

Learn how a chemically reactive furnace atmosphere is used to alter material properties like hardness and corrosion resistance through surface engineering.

How Does A Vacuum Tube Furnace Differ From A Vacuum Muffle Furnace? Choose The Right Furnace For Your Lab

Learn the key differences between vacuum tube and muffle furnaces, including sample size, temperature control, and applications for precise lab work.

What Is The Difference Between A Vacuum Tube Furnace And A Standard Tube Furnace? Choose The Right Furnace For Your Lab

Learn the key differences between vacuum and standard tube furnaces, including atmospheric control, applications, and how to select the best option for your materials.

What Advantages Do Cvd Coatings Provide For Sub-Micron Filters? Enhance Purity And Durability In Filtration

Discover how CVD coatings create inert, durable barriers on sub-micron filters to prevent corrosion, contamination, and improve analytical accuracy.

What Are Some Biomedical Applications Of Cvd? Enhance Medical Device Safety And Longevity

Explore how CVD coatings improve biocompatibility, durability, and functionality of medical implants like stents and joints for better patient outcomes.

How Are Horizontal Furnaces Used In Thermal Analysis? Precision Heating For Accurate Material Testing

Learn how horizontal furnaces enable precise temperature control and uniform heating in thermal analysis for reliable material property measurements.

What Are The Key Advantages Of A Horizontal Electric Furnace? Achieve Superior Process Control And Accessibility

Discover the benefits of horizontal electric furnaces, including uniform heating, precise temperature regulation, atmosphere control, and easy sample handling for labs.

How Does The Multi-Chamber Continuous Vacuum Furnace Improve Industrial Processes? Boost Efficiency And Quality

Discover how multi-chamber continuous vacuum furnaces enhance industrial processes with increased throughput, superior material quality, and automation for high-volume production.

What Is The Purpose Of Annealing Prepared Thin Films In An Argon Environment? Optimize Structure & Prevent Oxidation

Learn how argon annealing in tube furnaces transforms amorphous thin films into stable polycrystalline structures while preventing chemical degradation.

What Is The Function Of A High-Temperature Graphite Gas Furnace In The Sintering Of Silicon Nitride (Si3N4)?

Learn how high-temperature graphite furnaces drive alpha-to-beta phase transformation and densification in silicon nitride sintering up to 1850°C.

Why Is An Argon Carrier Gas System With Multi-Channel Flow Meters Necessary For Cvd? Master Thin Film Precision

Learn how multi-channel argon flow meters control physical kinetics and chemical stability for uniform, high-quality CVD material growth.

What Role Do High-Temperature Tube Or Muffle Furnaces Play In Biomass-Derived Carbon? Enhance Catalyst Performance

Learn how tube and muffle furnaces drive pyrolysis, carbonization, and surface engineering to create high-performance biomass catalytic materials.

How Does A High-Precision Tube Furnace Using An Argon Atmosphere Facilitate The Adjustment Of Copper Foil Surface Roughness?

Learn how high-precision tube furnaces use argon atmospheres and thermal annealing to reduce copper foil roughness from 81 nm to 37 nm.

What Challenges Does The 70Mm Tube Furnace Market Face? Overcome Technical, Quality, And Safety Hurdles

Explore the key challenges in the 70mm tube furnace market: technical innovation barriers, inconsistent quality, and inadequate safety standards for better purchasing decisions.

What Are The Configuration Options Available For Split Tube Furnaces? Customize For Precise Thermal And Atmospheric Control

Explore split tube furnace configuration options for temperature, zoning, dimensions, and atmosphere control to optimize your lab's material processing efficiency.

How Do Three-Zone Tube Furnaces Support Scalability? Bridge Lab To Industrial Production Seamlessly

Learn how three-zone tube furnaces ensure thermal uniformity for scalable advanced materials, reducing risks and accelerating R&D to industrial transition.

What Is The Difference Between An Alumina Tube Furnace And A Quartz Tube Furnace? Choose The Right Tube Furnace For Your Lab

Learn the key differences between alumina and quartz tube furnaces, including temperature limits, transparency, and applications for precise thermal processing.

What Is A Horizontal Tube Furnace? Achieve Superior Thermal Uniformity For Your Samples

Discover the key benefits of horizontal tube furnaces, including unmatched thermal uniformity, ease of sample handling, and high-temperature processing up to 1800°C.

What Are The Main Applications Of A Drop Tube Furnace? Unlock Insights In Energy And Materials Research

Explore drop tube furnace uses in combustion, pyrolysis, materials synthesis, and high-temperature testing for precise thermal process studies.

Why Are Multi Zone Tube Furnaces Particularly Useful For Nanomaterial Research? Unlock Precise Thermal Control For Advanced Synthesis

Discover how multi-zone tube furnaces enable precise temperature gradients and uniform heating for superior nanomaterial growth, essential for CVD and annealing processes.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Vertical Tube Furnace? Achieve Superior Purity And Thermal Uniformity

Discover the key benefits of vertical tube furnaces, including reduced contamination, enhanced thermal uniformity, space savings, and automation compatibility.

What Is The Market Forecast For Nanoscale Pecvd? Growth To $5.1B By 2031 Driven By Tech

Nanoscale PECVD market forecast to hit $5.1B by 2031, fueled by semiconductor, renewable energy, and device miniaturization trends.

What Are The Key Features Of Pecvd Equipment For Processing Up To 100Mm Wafers? Essential For Low-Temp Film Deposition

Explore PECVD equipment features for 100mm wafers: low-temperature deposition, precise control, and substrate flexibility for research and prototyping.

What Are The Advantages Of Different Heating Zone Configurations In Tube Furnaces? Optimize Your Thermal Processes

Learn how single-zone and multi-zone tube furnaces enhance temperature control for annealing, CVD, and more. Choose the right setup for your lab.

What Types Of Heating Methods Are Used In Split Tube Furnaces? Optimize Your High-Temp Processes

Explore electric resistance, gas flame, and induction heating methods for split tube furnaces, including element types like SiC and MoSi2 for precise control.

What Materials Can Be Melted In Horizontal Tube Furnaces? Unlock Precise High-Temperature Melting For Metals, Ceramics, And More

Learn which materials can be melted in horizontal tube furnaces, including metals, alloys, and ceramics, with tips on tube selection and atmosphere control for purity.

What Core Functions Does A High-Temperature Tube Furnace Provide? Master Tin-Carbon Composite Pyrolysis

Learn how high-temperature tube furnaces enable single-step TiN-carbon synthesis through precise thermal control and inert atmosphere management.

Why Is An Industrial-Grade Tube Furnace Utilized For The Heat Treatment Of Tio2 Particles Under An Argon Atmosphere?

Learn how industrial-grade tube furnaces under argon flow ensure precise TiO2 phase transformation and 15nm grain size control for high purity.

Why Is A Stainless Steel Closed-End Tube Required For Controlled Atmospheric Experiments? Ensure Precise Material Purity

Learn how stainless steel closed-end tubes create hermetically sealed environments for high-temp experiments and prevent oxidation.

What Is The Purpose Of Annealing The Sapphire Substrate At 980 °C With Cr? Achieve Unidirectional Cr2S3 Growth

Learn how 980 °C Cr-powder annealing transforms sapphire surfaces into Al-terminated templates for high-quality, unidirectional Cr2S3 epitaxy.

What Is The Purpose Of Flushing A Tube Furnace With High-Purity Argon For Hours? Ensure Pure Silicon Steel Results

Learn why flushing your tube furnace with argon is critical for preventing oxidation and ensuring data reliability in silicon steel experiments.

Why Must A Tube Furnace Used For The Pyrolysis Of Tungsten-Based Nanocomposites Be Equipped With A Precision Gas Flow?

Learn how precision gas flow control prevents carbon oxidation and ensures the correct reduction of tungsten into high-performance carbides.

What Is The Function Of A Flow-Guiding Grille In A Vacuum High-Pressure Gas Quenching Furnace? Ensure Uniform Cooling

Learn how flow-guiding grilles optimize airflow, eliminate dead zones, and ensure uniform hardness in vacuum high-pressure gas quenching furnaces.

What Is The Necessity Of A Precision Tube Resistance Furnace In Molten Salt Electrolysis Research? Ensure Unrivaled Precision & Reproducibility!

Discover why precision tube resistance furnaces are vital for molten salt electrolysis research, ensuring stable thermal environments, complete dissolution, and accurate, repeatable results.

Why Is It Necessary To Integrate Aluminum Alloy Plates Into Split Tube Furnace Covers? Ensure Safety And Longevity

Learn why aluminum alloy plates are essential for split tube furnaces to prevent thermal deformation and enable safe particulate extraction.

How Do High-Temperature Furnaces Facilitate Znzrox And Inzrox Catalysts? Optimize Your Solid Solution Synthesis

Learn how high-temp furnaces drive ion incorporation and phase transformation to create high-performance ZnZrOx and InZrOx solid solution catalysts.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Quartz Tube Furnace Play In Cmsm Production? Master Carbonization Precision

Learn how quartz tube furnaces enable precise pyrolysis and atmosphere control to convert polymer membranes into Carbon Molecular Sieve Membranes.

Why Is A Nitrogen Flow Control System Necessary For A Tube Furnace? Prevent Oxidation And Ensure Carbonization Yield

Learn why nitrogen flow control is critical during lignin fiber carbonization to prevent combustion and ensure high-purity graphitized results.

Why Is A Tube Reduction Furnace Used For The Pre-Reduction Of Cealox/Nio/Ni-Foam Catalysts? Essential Catalyst Prep

Learn how tube reduction furnaces activate catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation by creating the critical CeAlOx/Ni interface at 450 °C.

How Does A Quartz Tube Furnace Facilitate Diamond Water Vapor Annealing? Enhance Interface Stability At 500 °C

Learn how quartz tube furnaces and N2 bubbling systems create C–OH bonds to passivate diamond defects and stabilize Al2O3 interfaces.

How Does A Tube Resistance Furnace Facilitate Biomass Pyrolysis? Achieve High-Purity Biochar Production

Learn how tube resistance furnaces use nitrogen atmospheres to prevent combustion and ensure precise biomass carbonization into high-quality biochar.

What Is The Purpose Of Wrapping Heating Tapes Around Ap-Scvd Gas Lines? Prevent Condensation For Perfect Film Quality

Learn how heating tapes in AP-SCVD systems prevent precursor condensation, eliminate film defects, and ensure uniform thin-film deposition.

Why Is A High-Purity Argon Environment Required In A High-Temperature Tube Furnace For Ceramic Scaffolds?

Learn why 99.999% pure argon is essential for converting pre-ceramic polymers into SiOC and beta-Ca2SiO4 scaffolds without oxidation.

Why Is Electromagnetic Stirring Technology Employed During The Melting Process Of Titanium-Copper (Ti–Cu) Alloys?

Learn how electromagnetic stirring overcomes density disparities in Ti–Cu alloys to ensure homogeneity and prevent composition segregation.

What Environmental Conditions Does A Vacuum Tube Furnace Provide For Sawdust Biochar? Achieve Precise Pyrolysis Control

Learn how vacuum tube furnaces provide oxygen-free zones and precise 500°C thermal management for optimal sawdust biochar production.

What Is The Mechanism Of The Drive-In Process In A Tube Furnace? Master Dopant Redistribution With Nitrogen Shielding

Learn how the drive-in process in a tube furnace redistributes dopants using nitrogen to achieve precise Gaussian profiles without oxidation.

How Is A Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (Pecvd) System Utilized In The Preparation Of Microcavity Sensors?

Learn how PECVD systems engineer internal stress in thin films to drive the self-rolling fabrication of high-precision 3D microcavity sensors.

What Is The Purpose Of Introducing Nitrogen Flow Into A Tube Furnace? Optimize Your Activated Carbon Calcination

Learn why nitrogen flow is essential for activated carbon calcination in tube furnaces to prevent combustion and ensure high-purity yields.

Why Is A High-Temperature Tube Furnace Required For Niwo4 Calcination? Achieving High-Performance Cathode Materials

Learn why a tube furnace is essential for NiWO4 synthesis, ensuring precise 900°C heating for wolframite structure and electrochemical activity.

What Is The Function Of The High-Purity Quartz Furnace Tube In Lp-Cvd? Enhance Your Slg Synthesis Quality

Learn how high-purity quartz furnace tubes enable high-quality Single-Layer Graphene (SLG) growth through thermal stability and vacuum integrity.

Why Is A High-Temperature Tube Furnace With An Argon Atmosphere Required For The Carbonization Of Biomass? Key Insights

Learn why Argon atmospheres and tube furnaces are critical for biomass carbonization to prevent oxidation and ensure high-purity carbon yields.

What Industries Commonly Use Vertical Tube Furnaces? Key Applications In Materials Science, Nanotech, And More

Discover how vertical tube furnaces enable precise thermal processing in materials science, nanotechnology, electronics, and chemical industries for superior results.

What Recent Advancements Have Enhanced The Performance Of Lab Tubular Furnaces? Achieve Unprecedented Precision & Control

Discover how advanced temperature control (±1°C), automated atmosphere management, and real-time data logging are transforming lab tubular furnaces.

How Does A Horizontal Tube Furnace Differ From A Vertical Tube Furnace? Choose The Right Furnace For Your Lab

Explore key differences between horizontal and vertical tube furnaces, including temperature uniformity, particle control, and applications for precise lab processes.

What Are The Common Features Of The Heating Chamber In A Horizontal Tube Furnace? Achieve Precise Thermal Control For Your Lab

Explore key features of horizontal tube furnace heating chambers, including uniform heating, atmosphere control, and safety systems for reliable material processing.

Why Are Horizontal Tube Furnaces Ideal For Small Scale Materials Tests? Unlock Precision And Efficiency In Your Lab

Discover why horizontal tube furnaces excel in small-scale materials testing with precise temperature control, easy sample access, and compact design for reliable results.

What Preparations Are Needed Before Starting A Multi Zone Tube Furnace? Ensure Safety And Accuracy In Your Lab

Learn essential pre-start steps for multi-zone tube furnaces, including environmental checks, equipment setup, and material prep for safe, reliable experiments.

Can A Quartz Tube Furnace Be Used For Controlled Atmosphere Experiments? Achieve Precise Heat And Gas Control

Learn how quartz tube furnaces enable controlled atmosphere experiments with sealing, gas flow, and vacuum for oxidation-free results.

What Are Tube Furnace Tubes Made Of? Select The Right Material For Your Process

Discover the materials used for tube furnace tubes—Alumina, Fused Quartz, and metals—and how to choose based on temperature, durability, and chemical resistance.

What Is The Maximum Temperature For A Quartz Tube? Ensure Safe & Reliable High-Temp Processes

Learn the max working temp for quartz tubes (~1100°C), the risks of devitrification, and when to choose alumina for higher temps.