What Is The Primary Function Of A Sputtering Deposition System In Graphene Growth? Expert Catalyst Engineering

Learn how sputtering systems create precise metal catalyst bilayers to enable uniform solid-state reactions for high-quality graphene growth.

How Do Vacuum Filtration Systems Operate In Industrial Sludge Dehydration? Achieve Efficient Liquid-Solid Separation

Learn how vacuum filtration uses negative pressure to remove free water from industrial sludge, converting liquid waste into manageable solids.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Rotary Reactor For Carbonization? Achieve Superior Biochar Quality

Discover why rotary reactors outperform fixed-bed systems for rice husk carbonization by ensuring uniform heating and structural consistency.

Why Is A Quartz Tube Fixed-Bed Reactor Ideal For Voc/Hydrogen Combustion? Unlock High-Temp Precision & Stability

Learn why quartz tube fixed-bed reactors are the gold standard for VOC and hydrogen combustion experiments, offering 950°C resistance and purity.

What Role Do Graphite Molds Play In The Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps)? Enhance Alumina Composite Performance

Learn how graphite molds act as heating elements and pressure mediums in SPS to suppress grain growth and boost alumina composite strength.

How Does A Magnetic Stirring Hot Plate Contribute To Sol-Gel Synthesis? Expert Guide To Precursor Thin Film Success

Learn how magnetic stirring hot plates stabilize sol-gel thin films through controlled solvent evaporation and initial solidification at 150°C.

What Is The Primary Objective Of Processing High-Purity Quartz? Achieve 99.998% Purity For Tech Applications

Learn how crushing, flotation, and thermal treatment remove minerals and lattice contaminants to produce 99.998% high-purity quartz.

How Does Laboratory Vacuum Impregnation Equipment Facilitate Precursor Infiltration In Pip? Maximize Sic Composite Density

Learn how vacuum impregnation removes air pockets and uses pressure differentials to force high-viscosity precursors into SiC fiber preforms.

How Do Graphite Molds Function During The Sps Of Ti-6Al-4Zr-4Nb Alloys? Mastering Dual-Action Sintering

Learn how graphite molds act as heating elements and pressure mediums to achieve high-density Ti-6Al-4Zr-4Nb alloys via Spark Plasma Sintering.

What Is The Purpose Of Using Specialized Vacuum Glass Tubes For Sampling? Ensure Kr Stirring Chemical Integrity

Discover why specialized vacuum glass tubes are essential for KR mechanical stirring to prevent oxidation and ensure accurate sulfur analysis.

What Roles Does A High-Purity Graphite Mold Serve During The Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps) Of Tic-Sic Composites?

Learn how high-purity graphite molds enable TiC-SiC composite sintering through resistive heating, pressure transmission, and geometric containment.

What Is The Importance Of High-Purity Argon Flow Control Equipment? Ensure Purity In Pulsed Irradiation Synthesis

Learn how high-purity Argon flow control prevents oxidation and ensures stoichiometry for high-performance thin films in Pulsed Irradiation Synthesis.

How Does A High-Precision Analog Pressure Gauge Contribute To The Gas Delivery System In Magnesium Combustion Experiments?

Learn how 0.1% accuracy gauges and the partial pressure method ensure precise CO2/N2 mixtures for reliable magnesium combustion research.

Why Is A Vacuum Drying System Utilized After Catalyst Impregnation? Master Structural Control & Dispersion

Learn how vacuum drying prevents precursor migration and thermal oxidation to ensure high metal dispersion on carbon supports.

What Role Does A Laboratory Blast Drying Oven Play In Metal Powder Preparation? Ensure Purity & Prevent Oxidation

Learn how blast drying ovens stabilize metal powders by removing moisture via forced convection to prevent oxidation and ensure dispersibility.

Why Are Evaporators And Condensers Required For Zirconium Tetrachloride Purification? Mastering Nuclear-Grade Standards

Learn how sublimation via evaporators and condensers removes impurities like iron and aluminum to produce high-purity nuclear-grade zirconium.

How Does The Speed-Controlled Motor In A High-Pressure Autoclave Influence The Yield Of Glucose From Starch?

Discover how motor-driven stirring speed overcomes mass transfer barriers and optimizes hydrogen dissolution to maximize glucose yield from starch.

How Does A Molecular Turbo Pump Contribute To Zto Thin Film Quality? Master High-Vacuum Deposition Precision

Learn how Molecular Turbo Pumps achieve 10-6 torr to ensure ZTO thin film purity, maximize mean free path, and eliminate chemical contaminants.

Why Is A Zirconia (Zro2) Oxygen Sensor Used For Cao-Al2O3-Vox Slag Research? Achieve Precise Redox Control

Learn how Zirconia oxygen sensors ensure precise oxygen partial pressure monitoring for accurate vanadium redox equilibrium in slag research.

What Role Do High-Purity Graphite Molds And Punches Play During The Sintering Of Silicon Carbide Ceramics In Sps?

Learn how graphite molds and punches act as heating elements and pressure mediums to ensure density and quality in SPS silicon carbide sintering.

What Is The Significance Of High-Temperature Vacuum Drying Systems For Regenerating Dehydration Materials? Boost Efficiency

Learn how high-temperature vacuum drying systems regenerate 3A molecular sieves, reduce costs, and minimize waste in tetraalkoxysilane production.

Why Is A Blast Drying Oven Required During Zeolite Modification? Ensure Structural Integrity & Precision

Learn why blast drying ovens are critical for zeolite modification, preventing pore collapse and ensuring accurate chemical impregnation levels.

What Is The Function Of The Laboratory-Scale Condensation Collection Device? Optimize Multi-Stage Magnesium Separation

Learn how condensation collection devices enable high-purity magnesium alloy separation through iterative distillation cycles and feedstock management.

How Does The Geometric Structure Of Graphite Heating Elements Affect The Thermal Field Distribution? Optimize Uniformity

Learn how graphite heater geometry impacts thermal uniformity and lifespan in vacuum furnaces through surface heat flux management.

How Do A Rotary Evaporator And A Constant Temperature Drying Oven Differ? Optimize Humic Sample Preparation

Understand the distinct roles of rotary evaporators and drying ovens in humic substance analysis for structural preservation and accuracy.

Why Must The Entire System Be Maintained At A High Temperature During The Filling Process Of A Sodium Heat Pipe?

Learn why high-temperature thermal continuity is critical for sodium heat pipe filling to prevent blockages and ensure optimal wick performance.

Why Are A Vacuum Pump And A Flame Sealing System Required In The Gas-Phase Deposition For Palladium? Key Role Explained

Learn why vacuum pumps and flame sealing are essential for palladium gas-phase deposition, ensuring material purity and deep pore penetration.

What Is The Function Of Graphite Molds In The Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps) Of High-Entropy Alloys?

Learn how graphite molds act as heating elements and pressure mediums in SPS to achieve rapid densification of high-entropy alloys.

What Are The Technical Requirements For A Fixed-Bed Quartz Reactor? Ensure Pure Data In Dry Reforming Of Methane

Learn the essential technical requirements for fixed-bed quartz reactors in DRM testing, including thermal endurance and chemical neutrality.

Why Is High-Purity Argon Gas Purging Necessary During The Melting Of High-Entropy Alloys? Ensure Alloy Integrity

Learn how high-purity argon purging protects reactive elements, prevents brittle oxide inclusions, and ensures high-entropy alloy quality.

What Role Do High-Strength Graphite Molds Play During Sps? Boost Mo-Cr-Y Composite Densification

Learn how high-strength graphite molds act as active heating elements and pressure transmitters in SPS for Mo-Cr-Y composite production.

How Do Segmented Heating And Cooling Cycles Affect The Microwave-Assisted Synthesis Of 2D Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)?

Learn how a 20s/1m heating-cooling cycle prevents overheating and ensures uniform growth of high-quality 2D Fe2O3 nanosheets with high aspect ratios.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Heating Stage Play In Characterizing The Thermal Stability Of Piezoelectric Ceramics?

Learn how high-temperature heating stages and sintering furnaces enable precise thermal stability testing for piezoelectric ceramic materials.

How Do K-Type Thermocouples And Plcs Measure Concrete Temperature? Achieve Precise Thermal Distribution Analysis

Learn how K-type thermocouples and PLC systems automate internal temperature monitoring to verify fire resistance and heat transfer in concrete.

Why Is A Vacuum Impregnation System Necessary For Cf-Zrb2-Sic? Ensure High-Density Composite Performance

Learn how vacuum impregnation systems eliminate porosity and drive slurry into carbon fiber bundles for Cf-ZrB2-SiC composite fabrication.

Why Is An Industrial-Grade Rotary Reactor Necessary In The Oil Sludge Pyrolysis Process? Maximize Yield & Efficiency

Learn how industrial-grade rotary reactors overcome thermal conductivity challenges and prevent coking in oil sludge pyrolysis processing.

Why Is Vacuum Freeze-Drying Necessary For Fenc/Mxene Catalysts? Preserving 2D Architecture For Peak Performance

Learn why vacuum freeze-drying is vital for FeNC/MXene catalysts to prevent MXene restacking, eliminate capillary forces, and maximize surface area.

Why Is The Chemical Composition Of The Alloy Used In Tube Reactors Critical? Insights Into Ethane Cracking Results

Learn how tube reactor alloy composition acts as a catalyst in ethane cracking, driving metal atom diffusion and filamentous coke formation.

Why Is A Fluidized Bed Reactor Considered Ideal For The Co-Gasification Of Biomass And Non-Biomass Waste?

Learn why fluidized bed reactors are the top choice for co-gasification, offering superior mixing, heat exchange, and stable syngas production.

What Are The Primary Advantages Of Using A Downdraft Fixed-Bed Reactor For Co-Gasification? Pure Syngas Made Simple

Discover why downdraft fixed-bed reactors excel in biomass & plastic co-gasification through superior tar cracking and lower operational costs.

Why Is The Transformation Of Zns To Zno Critical In Microwave-Assisted Zinc Recovery? Unlock 92.5% Extraction Yields

Learn how converting sphalerite to zincite overcomes chemical resistance, utilizing negative Gibbs free energy to boost zinc recovery from 39% to 92%.

How Does A High-Power Microwave Reactor Facilitate The Thermal Treatment Of Zinc Clinker? Rapid Phase Transformation

Learn how microwave reactors use dielectric heating and magnetite to transform zinc clinker, creating micro-cracks for enhanced leaching efficiency.

How Does A Vacuum Impregnation Device Facilitate Pcms Into Biomimetic Composites? Boost Filling Rates To 96%

Learn how vacuum impregnation removes air and uses pressure differentials to force phase change materials (PCMs) into biomimetic composites.

What Are The Advantages Of Using High-Performance Ceramic Heaters For Agnp Synthesis? Boost Efficiency And Precision

Discover how high-performance ceramic heaters outperform traditional equipment in silver nanoparticle synthesis through energy efficiency and precision.

What Advantages Does A Vacuum Drying Oven Offer? Superior Chemical Stability & Efficient Dehydration

Learn how vacuum drying ovens lower boiling points, prevent oxidation, and eliminate surface hardening for heat-sensitive chemical samples.

What Is The Purpose Of A Safety Warning System In Mdr? Ensure Reactor Integrity And Laboratory Safety

Learn how automatic shut-off and pressure monitoring protect Methane Dry Reforming (MDR) setups from carbon blockages and reactor ruptures.

What Is A Hot Press Machine Used For? From Custom Apparel To Aerospace Components

Discover how hot press machines use heat and pressure for applications ranging from custom t-shirt printing to advanced aerospace manufacturing.

Why Is A High Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering System Required For Nio Layers? Ensure Chemical Purity And Conductivity

Learn why extreme vacuum levels (5 × 10⁻⁴ Pa) are essential for sputtering pure NiO dielectric layers with low sheet resistance.

What Are The Process Advantages Of Using A Cvd System For Nh4I? Enhance Catalyst Performance With In-Situ Etching

Learn how CVD systems use ammonium iodide (NH4I) for in-situ etching to increase catalyst surface area, defects, and mass transfer efficiency.

What Are The Core Functions Of High-Purity Graphite Molds And Graphite Paper In Sps? Optimize Sintering Quality

Learn how graphite molds and paper drive Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) through Joule heating, pressure transmission, and chemical isolation.

How Does Vim Compare To Dim For Ltes Composites? Unlock Superior Thermal Storage And Stability

Compare Vacuum Impregnation (VIM) vs. Direct Impregnation (DIM). Learn why VIM delivers higher energy density and better leakage prevention.

Why Is A High-Purity Alumina (Al2O3) Tube Selected As The Gas Lance? Durable 1600°C Hydrogen Injection Solutions

Discover why high-purity Alumina tubes are essential for hydrogen injection into liquid slag, offering 1600°C thermal stability and rigidity.

Why Is It Necessary To Dry Industrial Eaf Slag Before Hydrogen Reduction? Crucial Safety And Accuracy Prep

Learn why drying EAF slag at 120°C for 12 hours is essential to prevent violent splashing and ensure precise data in hydrogen reduction experiments.

What Vacuum Level Is Required For Alcrsiwn Coating Deposition? Achieving Peak Purity And Adhesion

Learn why a base vacuum below 3x10⁻³ Pa is essential for AlCrSiWN coatings to prevent contamination and ensure superior bonding strength.

Why Is A Vacuum Deposition System Required For Bl-Mos2 Doping? Achieve Nanogram-Level Precision & Purity

Learn why vacuum deposition with resistive heating is essential for the precise molecular doping of bilayer molybdenum disulfide (BL-MoS2).

What Is The Critical Role Of The Vacuum Filter In A Waste Magnesium Vacuum Distillation System? The Essential Protection For Your Vacuum Pump

Discover how a vacuum filter protects your pump from abrasive magnesium dust, ensuring system longevity and stable operation in magnesium distillation.

How Does A Benchtop Industrial Oven Improve Efficiency? Boost Energy Savings And Space Use

Learn how benchtop industrial ovens enhance efficiency through energy savings, space conservation, and optimized workflows for small-scale tasks.

What Functions Does A High-Density Graphite Mold Serve In The Sps Process? Beyond Shaping Materials

Discover the dual role of graphite molds in Spark Plasma Sintering as active heating elements and pressure vessels for high-density materials.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Vacuum Dryer For Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles? Preserve Integrity & Prevent Oxidation

Discover why vacuum drying is superior to conventional ovens for cerium oxide nanoparticles by preserving chemical states and nanostructures.

Why Is The Precise Control Of H2 And C2H2 Flow Rates Essential In Plasma Carburizing Of Aisi 316L? Master The S-Phase

Learn how precise H2 and C2H2 flow rates in plasma carburizing ensure AISI 316L hardness while preventing corrosion from chromium carbide formation.

What Effect Does A Laboratory Hot Plate Have On 2D Material Heterostructures? Enhancing Interlayer Bonding Quality

Learn how precision thermal treatment on a laboratory hot plate improves 2D material heterostructures through polymer softening and contaminant removal.

Why Is An Industrial Vacuum Drying Oven Required For Am-Pi? Ensure Structural Integrity In Polyimide Printing

Learn why vacuum drying at 240 °C is critical for AM-PI to remove solvents, prevent cracking, and ensure dimensional stability in printed parts.

How Does A Vacuum Drying Oven Contribute To The Preparation Of Na3(Vo1-X)2(Po4)2F1+2X? Ensure High-Purity Synthesis

Learn how vacuum drying ovens optimize Na3(VO1-x)2(PO4)2F1+2x synthesis through 120°C purification, moisture removal, and oxidation prevention.

How Does The Introduction Of Sio2 As An Additive Improve The Sintering Process Of Solid Electrolytes? Boost Densification

Learn how SiO2 additives create a transient liquid phase to enhance density, reduce grain boundary resistance, and stabilize solid electrolytes.

How Does A Vacuum Sealing Device Protect The Experimental Environment? Ensure Purity In High-Temp Compression Tests

Learn how vacuum sealing devices protect lab environments by isolating specimens and eliminating residual gases for stable, accurate test data.

What Is The Purpose Of Using K-Type Thermocouples And High-Temperature Sealants? Ensure Precision In Gas Heating Systems

Learn how K-type thermocouples and high-temperature sealants work together to ensure accurate heat monitoring and airtight system integrity.

How Do Thermal Imagers And Hybrid Ai Models Facilitate Leak Detection? 92% Accuracy In Industrial Furnaces

Discover how thermal imaging and hybrid AI models (SVM & CNN) revolutionize leak detection in industrial boilers with 92% diagnostic accuracy.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis For Metal Powder? Achieve High Purity & Sphericity

Learn how ultrasonic spray pyrolysis produces ultra-fine, spherical metal powders with uniform size distribution and high purity.

Why Is High-Purity Argon Gas Used To Purge The Furnace? Ensure Precision In Tga Oxidation Kinetic Tests

Learn why high-purity argon purging is essential for TGA tests to eliminate atmospheric contaminants and secure accurate kinetic data integrity.

What Critical Function Does Argon Gas Serve In Sintering Ti2Aln Ceramics? Ensure Phase Purity And Prevent Oxidation

Learn how argon gas acts as an inert barrier to protect Ti2AlN ceramics from oxidation and ensure chemical purity during high-temp sintering.

What Is The Function Of High-Precision Thermocouples In Copper Powder Production? Ensure Precise Thermal Control

Learn how high-precision thermocouples regulate the 600°C–650°C window to prevent grain growth and ensure copper powder quality.

What Is The Primary Role Of High-Purity Hydrogen In Heat Treatment? Achieve Superior Metallic Coating Protection

Learn how high-purity hydrogen acts as a powerful reducing agent to prevent oxidation and ensure the structural integrity of metallic coatings.

What Is The Specific Function Of A Thermal Evaporation System In Ipsls Growth? Precision Precursor Deposition

Learn how thermal evaporation systems enable IPSLS growth by depositing precise Indium films to control catalyst droplet size and nanowire geometry.

Why Is A High-Purity Quartz Glass Reactor Preferred Over A Metal Reactor? Achieve 4.5N Purity In Al Powder Reduction

Learn why high-purity quartz reactors are essential for aluminum powder reduction, offering microwave transparency and zero metal contamination.

Why Are Quartz Boat Properties And Cleanliness Critical For Si:b Nanowires? Ensure High-Purity Synthesis Success

Learn why quartz boat material integrity and rigorous cleaning protocols are essential for high-purity Silicon-Boron nanowire production.

Flash Pyrolyser Vs. Tga: Which Is Best For Assessing Rdf As A Blast Furnace Reducing Agent?

Learn why Flash Pyrolysis is superior to TGA for RDF assessment, featuring heating rates up to 20,000 °C/s to simulate real blast furnace conditions.

How Is Mechanochemical Grinding Used In Lithium Battery Recovery? Unlock Efficient Solid-State Material Repair

Learn how high-energy ball mills drive solid-state reactions at room temperature to repair lithium battery cathode structures with less energy.

How Do High-Precision Mass Flow Controllers Assist In The Formation Of Superlattice Structures? Mastery Of 2D Cvd

Learn how high-precision MFCs ensure sharp interfaces and uniform thickness in 2D Bi2Te3-Sb2Te3 superlattices through stable precursor switching.

What Roles Do High-Purity, High-Strength Graphite Molds Play In Sps? Driving Densification And Precision

Learn how high-purity graphite molds act as heating elements and pressure transmitters to achieve rapid densification in Spark Plasma Sintering.

Why Is Precise Temperature Sensor Placement Critical In High-Temp Viscometers? Expert Insights For Accurate Melt Data

Learn why sensor proximity and thermowell design are vital for accurate viscosity measurements in high-temperature oscillating cup viscometers.

What Roles Do High-Purity Graphite Molds Play In The Sps Of Copper Sulfide? Enhance Your Thermoelectric Material Quality

Discover how high-purity graphite molds drive SPS efficiency for copper sulfide through resistive heating, pressure transmission, and shaping.

What Role Does A Microwave Chemical Reactor Play In The Synthesis Of Carbon Xerogels? Precision Control & Efficiency

Learn how microwave reactors use volumetric heating to accelerate carbon xerogel synthesis and provide precise control over pore structure.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Stainless Steel Fixed Bed Reactor For Biochar Pyrolysis? Unlock Precise Lab Results

Discover how stainless steel fixed bed reactors provide the inert environment and thermal stability needed for high-quality biochar production.

Why Is A High-Temperature Annealing Process In A Vacuum Oven Required For Cmsms? Unlock Membrane Precision

Learn how vacuum annealing at 250°C stabilizes CMSM precursors, removes residual solvents, and prevents defects before final carbonization.

How Does A Vacuum Pressure Infiltration System Contribute To Diamond/Cu Composite Green Bodies? Achieve 60% Density

Learn how vacuum pressure infiltration overcomes non-wetting barriers to create high-density Diamond/Cu composites with 60% diamond volume.

What Are The Functions Of High-Purity Graphite Molds And Graphite Paper In Sps? Optimize Sintering Quality

Learn how high-purity graphite molds and paper serve as heating, pressure, and protection elements in the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) process.

How Does A Vacuum Pump Facilitate The Pre-Treatment Of Modified Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes? Optimize Surface Activation

Learn how vacuum pumps degas multi-walled carbon nanotubes to remove impurities and unlock maximum adsorption capacity for precise experiment data.

What Is The Role Of A Fixed-Bed Reactor In The Slow Pyrolysis Process? Engineering High-Quality Biochar Production

Learn how fixed-bed reactors enable precise biochar production through oxygen-free carbonization, thermal stability, and structural control.

Why Is A Glovebox Environment Necessary For Kbabi Synthesis? Protect Sensitive Raw Materials Today

Learn why KBaBi Zintl phase synthesis requires a glovebox with <1 ppm O2 and H2O to prevent potassium oxidation and ensure phase purity.

How Does A Pecvd System Contribute To (N)Poly-Si Layers? High-Throughput In-Situ Doping Explained

Learn how PECVD systems enable (n)poly-Si deposition through low-temperature plasma decomposition, uniform in-situ doping, and high-speed growth.

What Role Does Hexagonal Boron Nitride (H-Bn) Coating Play In Sps Molds? Protect Your Tooling And Purity

Learn how h-BN coating preserves SPS graphite molds by acting as a high-temperature lubricant, chemical barrier, and electrical insulator.

What Role Does Phosphoric Acid (H3Po4) Play During The Chemical Activation Stage Of Sawdust? Boost Porosity & Efficiency

Learn how phosphoric acid acts as a catalyst and template to prevent shrinkage and create high-porosity sawdust-derived activated carbon.

Why Is A Constant Temperature Vacuum Drying Oven Used To Process Sno2@C? Preserving Nanostructure For Peak Performance

Discover why vacuum drying is essential for SnO2@C materials to prevent nanoparticle agglomeration and ensure high electrochemical activity.

What Function Does High-Purity Argon Gas Serve In Bpea Pvt Preparation? Ensure High-Quality Crystal Growth

Learn how high-purity argon acts as a transport medium and protective shield for 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) single crystal growth.

What Is The Function Of A Vacuum Rotary Vane Pump In Hydrogen Measurement? Ensure High-Purity Gas Analysis Baseline

Learn how vacuum rotary vane pumps eliminate oxygen and moisture in hydrogen measurement systems to reach 3 Pa and ensure measurement accuracy.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Batch Fixed Bed Reactor In The Slow Pyrolysis Of Teff Husk? Maximize Biochar Yield

Learn how batch fixed bed reactors enable precise thermal control and anaerobic environments to maximize biochar yield from teff husk pyrolysis.

What Effect Does Water-Quench Cooling Equipment Have On The Microstructure Of Invar 36? Expert Analysis

Learn how water-quenching fixes the austenite phase and initiates recrystallization in Invar 36 during solution heat treatment.

How Does Precise Gas Flow Control Affect Cr2O3 Thin Films? Mastering Stoichiometry And Crystal Structure

Learn how precise Ar:O2 gas flow control dictates stoichiometry and crystal structure in the reactive sputtering of Cr2O3 thin films.

Why Is High-Temperature Stability Important For Cu2O Substrates? Ensure Long-Term Electrocatalytic Efficiency

Learn why thermal stability in Cu2O substrates is vital for crystal lattice integrity and consistent nitrate electroreduction performance.

Why Is A Vacuum Drying Oven Necessary For Al2O3/Tic Ceramic Powders? Ensure Purity And Prevent Agglomeration

Learn why vacuum drying is critical for Al2O3/TiC ceramic mixtures to prevent oxidation, grain growth, and agglomeration after wet ball milling.