What Is The Process Of Vacuum Laminating? Create Strong, Lightweight Composite Parts

Learn how vacuum laminating uses atmospheric pressure to consolidate composite layers, eliminating voids and maximizing strength for superior parts.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps) System? Unlock High-Entropy Alloy Performance

Discover how SPS outperforms traditional hot-pressing by preserving nanocrystalline structures and achieving rapid densification in alloys.

Why Is A High-Vacuum Sintering System Necessary For Sps Of Al2O3-Tic? Unlock Maximum Density & Hardness

Learn why high vacuum is critical for Al2O3-TiC SPS: prevent TiC oxidation, eliminate internal pores, and ensure superior mechanical properties.

Why Is A High-Precision Laboratory Press Used For Tib2-Based Composite Ceramics? Ensure Flawless Green Body Preparation

Learn why precision pre-pressing is critical for TiB2 ceramics to increase packing density, eliminate air, and prevent sintering fractures.

What Specific Issues Does Uniaxial Pressure Solve During Cu/Rgo Sintering? Achieve Maximum Conductivity & Density

Learn how uniaxial pressure eliminates porosity, overcomes particle friction, and reduces electron scattering in Cu/rGO composite sintering.

Why Is High-Strength Graphite Selected For Vacuum Hot Pressing Of Thermoelectric Alloys? High-Heat Stability Expert

Learn why high-strength graphite is the ideal mold material for vacuum hot pressing, offering thermal stability and chemical inertness for alloys.

What Functions Do Graphite Molds Perform During Vacuum Hot Press Sintering? Discover Their Active Role In Densification

Learn how graphite molds act as pressure transmitters and thermal conductors to ensure material density and uniformity in vacuum hot pressing.

What Are The Performance Characteristics Of Box Furnaces And Vacuum Furnaces? Choose The Right Furnace For Your Heat Treatment Needs

Explore box and vacuum furnace performance: simplicity vs. high purity. Learn key differences in temperature control, atmosphere, and applications for optimal selection.

What Are The Core Advantages Of Using A Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps) System? Unlock Peak Ceramic Performance

Discover how SPS transforms MgTiO3-CaTiO3 ceramic production through rapid densification, lower temperatures, and superior dielectric properties.

What Are Some Industrial Applications Of High Vacuum Furnaces? Essential For Aerospace, Medical, And Electronics

Explore how high vacuum furnaces enable contaminant-free heat treatment and brazing in aerospace, medical, and electronics for superior material properties.

What Materials Are Suitable For Sintering In A Vacuum Furnace? Unlock High Purity And Strength

Discover materials ideal for vacuum sintering, including reactive metals, ceramics, and electronic components, for enhanced purity and performance.

How Does Vacuum Heat Treatment Equipment Prevent The Eggshell Effect? Advanced Duplex Solutions For Surface Durability

Learn how vacuum heat treatment uses HTGN to create a deep hardened layer, preventing the eggshell effect and improving coating mechanical support.

Vacuum Hot Pressing Sintering Vs. Ultrasonic-Assisted Casting For Cnt/Al Composites: Choosing The Right Method

Compare VHP and ultrasonic casting for CNT/Al composites. Learn how vacuum hot pressing offers superior density vs. the scalability of casting.

What Are The Options For Rapid Cooling In Custom Vacuum Furnaces? Achieve Precise Metallurgical Control

Explore rapid cooling methods in custom vacuum furnaces: high-pressure gas quenching, oil quenching, and water-cooled jackets for superior material properties.

How Does A Vacuum Heat Treatment Furnace Improve Thermal Spray Coatings? Enhance Bond Strength & Surface Purity.

Learn how vacuum heat treatment enhances thermal spray coatings by relieving stress, creating chemical bonds, and preventing oxidation for durability.

What Additional Processes Can A Vacuum Heat Treatment Furnace Carry Out? Unlock Advanced Material Processing

Discover vacuum brazing, sintering, and surface treatments for superior material joining and wear resistance in a contamination-free environment.

Why Do Some Nonferrous Metals Require A Vacuum Furnace For Heat Treating? To Prevent Oxidation And Ensure Purity

Discover why reactive nonferrous metals like titanium need vacuum furnaces for heat treatment to prevent oxidation, ensure surface purity, and maintain material integrity.

What Is The Vacuum Heat Treatment Process? Achieve Superior Surface Quality And Material Performance

Learn how vacuum heat treatment prevents oxidation and decarburization for clean, bright, high-performance metal parts. Ideal for aerospace, medical, and tooling.

What Factors Should Be Considered When Choosing A Vacuum Press For Metalworking? Optimize Your Investment For Precision And Efficiency

Learn key factors like pressure, temperature, size, and control systems to choose the right vacuum press for metalworking applications like deep drawing and embossing.

What Functions Does A Graphite Mold Serve During Zns Vacuum Hot Pressing? Optimize Density And Optical Purity

Learn the essential mechanical and thermal roles of graphite molds in ZnS ceramic sintering, and how to manage carbon diffusion risks.

Why Is Vacuum Press Technology Indispensable In Modern Metalworking? Unlock Precision And Quality In Metal Forming

Discover how vacuum press technology enables precise metal forming, enhances material integrity, and creates complex geometries for industries like aerospace and automotive.

What Is A Hot Press Machine Used For? From Custom Apparel To Aerospace Components

Discover how hot press machines use heat and pressure for applications ranging from custom t-shirt printing to advanced aerospace manufacturing.

What Role Do Vacuum Presses Play In Plastic Forming And Lamination? Essential Guide For Precision Fabrication

Learn how vacuum presses use atmospheric pressure for uniform shaping and bonding of plastics, ideal for forming and lamination applications.

What Improvements In Mechanical Properties Can Be Achieved Using A Vacuum Furnace? Boost Strength, Toughness, And Fatigue Life

Discover how vacuum furnaces enhance mechanical properties like hardness, strength, and fatigue resistance through clean, controlled heat treatment processes.

What Role Does A Heat-Resistant Steel Retort Play In Sintering? Mastering Isolation And Pressure For High-Purity Results

Discover how heat-resistant steel retorts enable atmosphere control and force transmission for high-purity vacuum hot pressing sintering results.

Why Might A Vacuum Furnace Maintain Vacuum During Cooling? Protect Workpieces From Oxidation And Control Metallurgy

Learn how maintaining vacuum during cooling prevents oxidation, ensures bright finishes, and controls cooling rates for optimal material properties in high-temperature processes.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Vacuum Casting Furnace? Achieve Purity And Precision In Metal Processing

Discover how vacuum casting furnaces prevent oxidation, remove gases, and ensure precise temperature control for superior metal quality and repeatability.

What Advantages Does Vacuum Press Technology Offer In Metal Shaping Processes? Achieve Precision And Efficiency In Metal Forming

Discover how vacuum press technology enhances metal shaping with uniform pressure, superior finishes, and reduced waste for industries like aerospace and automotive.

Which Industries Commonly Use Vacuum Casting Furnaces And For What Applications? Discover Key Uses In Aerospace, Medical, And More

Explore how vacuum casting furnaces enable high-purity, strong components in aerospace, medical, automotive, and energy industries for critical applications.

What Operational Advantages Do Vacuum Furnaces Provide? Achieve Superior Material Quality And Process Control

Discover how vacuum furnaces prevent contamination, ensure repeatability, and enhance safety for superior material processing in labs and industries.

Why Is Vacuum Heat Treatment The Optimum Method For Certain Alloys? Prevent Oxidation And Decarburization For Superior Performance

Learn how vacuum heat treatment prevents oxidation and decarburization in alloys like tool steels and titanium, ensuring material integrity and high performance.

What Is The Standard Of Vacuum Heat Treatment? Mastering Purity, Precision, And Performance

Learn the key parameters of vacuum heat treatment: vacuum level, temperature, and metallurgical cycle for contamination-free results.

What Are The Benefits Of Using A Vacuum Environment For Rcm Nss? Master Material Preservation & Catalytic Performance

Discover how vacuum environments protect Resourceful Carbon Nanosheets from oxidation while ensuring deep impurity removal and structural stability.

Why Are Precision Vacuum Ovens Required For Reactor Hot-Press Bonding? Ensure Leak-Free High-Pressure Integrity

Learn why precision heating and vacuum ovens are vital for FEP melt-bonding to create robust, leak-free chemical bonds in reactor assembly.

What Are The Steps Involved In The Vacuum Furnace Process? Master Precision Heat Treatment For Cleaner, Stronger Parts

Learn the four key stages of vacuum furnace processing: loading, evacuation, heating, and cooling, for oxidation-free material treatment and enhanced properties.

What Is Age Hardening In Vacuum Heat Treating? Unlock Peak Metal Performance With Precision

Discover how age hardening in vacuum heat treating boosts strength and hardness of alloys like aluminum and superalloys, ensuring contamination-free results for high-performance applications.

What Are Some Everyday Products Manufactured Using Vacuum Furnaces? Discover The Hidden Tech In Your Tools And Devices

Learn how vacuum furnaces enhance everyday products like car parts, medical implants, and tools for superior strength, purity, and reliability.

What Role Does An Industrial-Grade Vacuum Furnace Play In The Brazing Process Of Mnconicuge5 High-Entropy Alloys?

Learn how industrial-grade vacuum furnaces enable superior brazing of MnCoNiCuGe5 alloys to nickel and stainless steel through oxide decomposition.

What Role Does Vacuum Radiation Play In Cap Capping? Optimize Ingot Integrity And Material Yield

Understand how thermal radiation regulates solidification and prevents shrinkage defects during the vacuum consumable arc melting capping stage.

What Cooling Gases Are Recommended For Different Materials In Vacuum Heat Treatment? Optimize Your Quenching Process

Learn the best cooling gases for vacuum heat treatment of steels and reactive metals to achieve precise metallurgical results and prevent surface damage.

How Does Modern Vacuum Heat Treatment Furnaces Ensure Accurate Processing? Achieve Perfect Results With Precision Control

Learn how modern vacuum furnaces ensure accurate processing through precise temperature control, advanced vacuum systems, and programmable cycles for repeatable results.

How Does The Heating Process Work In A Hot Wall Vacuum Furnace? Discover Its Indirect Heating Benefits

Learn how hot wall vacuum furnaces use external heating for indirect heat transfer, ideal for cost-effective processes like tempering and brazing.

What Is A Major Limitation Of Hot Wall Vacuum Furnaces? Temperature Capability And Design Trade-Offs

Explore the key limitation of hot wall vacuum furnaces: a 1100°C max temperature due to structural constraints, and compare with cold wall alternatives.

How Does Vacuum Heat Treatment Reduce Workpiece Deformation? Achieve Superior Dimensional Stability

Learn how vacuum heat treatment minimizes deformation through uniform heating and cooling, reducing thermal stress for precise, high-quality parts.

How Do Vacuum Pumps And High-Purity Nitrogen Gas Protect Steel? Ensure Precise Austenitization For Accurate Results

Learn how the two-stage vacuum and nitrogen backfill process protects steel from oxidation and element loss during high-temperature treatments.

How Does A Vacuum Heat Treatment Furnace Influence Ti-6Al-4V Microstructure? Optimize Ductility And Fatigue Resistance

Learn how vacuum heat treatment transforms brittle Ti-6Al-4V L-PBF parts into stable alpha + beta structures for superior mechanical performance.

What Are The Benefits Of Vacuum Heat Treatment For Workpieces? Enhance Precision And Durability

Discover how vacuum heat treatment prevents oxidation, improves surface finish, and boosts mechanical properties for superior workpiece performance.

How Do Vacuum Furnaces Contribute To Long-Term Cost Savings? Reduce Costs With Efficiency And Quality

Discover how vacuum furnaces lower operational costs, reduce waste, and enhance product quality for long-term savings in high-performance applications.

Why Is A High-Temperature Vacuum Furnace Required For In Situ Heating Experiments Involving Tantalum?

Discover why high-temperature vacuum furnaces are essential for Tantalum research to prevent oxidation, embrittlement, and data contamination.

How Does Heat Treatment Equipment Improve The Pore Characteristics Of Bioactive Fillers? Unlock High-Performance Porosity

Learn how thermal processing transforms biogenic particles into high-efficiency porous carriers for wastewater treatment and catalysis.

What Are The Advantages Of Electric Current-Assisted Tlp Bonding? Maximize Efficiency For Inconel 718 Joining

Discover how electric current-assisted TLP bonding outperforms vacuum furnaces through Joule heating and superior microstructure preservation.

What Are The Advantages Of Vacuum Heat Treatment Regarding Surface Quality? Achieve Pristine, Oxidation-Free Surfaces

Discover how vacuum heat treatment prevents oxidation and decarburization for superior surface quality, enhancing material performance and reducing post-processing needs.

Why Is The Intervention Of Precision Heat Treatment Equipment Essential For Alsi10Mg Parts? Enhance Lpbf Integrity

Learn why precision heat treatment is vital for LPBF AlSi10Mg parts to relieve residual stresses and optimize mechanical properties.

Why Is A Vacuum System Required To Maintain 6Pa During Sps Of Mosi2-B4C? Master Sintering Purity

Learn why 6Pa vacuum is vital in Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) for MoSi2-B4C to prevent oxidation and ensure high-density ceramic composites.

Why Is Vacuum Oven Processing Required Before The Curing Of Resin-Impregnated Carbon Nanotube Composites?

Learn why vacuum degassing is essential for carbon nanotube composites to eliminate solvents, prevent voids, and ensure high material density.

What Is The Function Of A Vacuum Pyrolysis Furnace In Lunar Ceramic 3D Printing? High-Precision Debinding Solutions

Learn how vacuum pyrolysis furnaces transform 3D-printed polymers into pure ceramics through controlled debinding and thermal decomposition.

How Does Industrial-Scale Fast Equipment Address Production Challenges? Scale-Up Your Sintering Capabilities

Learn how industrial Field Assisted Sintering Technology (FAST) overcomes scalability gaps to produce full-scale components with high integrity.

What Is The Maximum Temperature Capability Of The Furnace? Find Your Perfect High-Temp Solution

Learn how furnace types, from 1200°C muffle to 2600°C vacuum, impact max temperature for labs and industrial processes.

What Role Does The Vacuum System Play In The Vacuum Sintering Process? Enhance Glass-Ceramic Density And Strength

Learn how vacuum systems eliminate porosity in glass-ceramic green bodies to ensure maximum mechanical strength and superior aesthetic quality.

What Is A High-Temperature Vacuum Furnace And Where Is It Commonly Used? Essential For Purity In Materials Science

Learn how high-temperature vacuum furnaces prevent contamination and oxidation, used in semiconductor, aerospace, and R&D for pure thermal processing.

What Are The Key Indicators For Measuring The Performance Of Vacuum Heat Treatment Equipment? Optimize Your Process With Kintek

Learn the essential performance indicators for vacuum heat treatment equipment, including temperature uniformity, effective working area, and vacuum levels for quality results.

How Does The Vacuum Condition Benefit The Melting Process? Achieve High-Purity, Contamination-Free Metal Alloys

Discover how vacuum melting prevents oxidation, removes gas impurities, and ensures precise alloy composition for superior material performance in demanding industries.

What Advantages Does Vacuum Heat Treatment Offer For Brass Products? Achieve Clean, Bright Finishes And Superior Quality

Discover how vacuum heat treatment prevents oxidation, ensures uniform hardness, and streamlines brass manufacturing for better efficiency and environmental compliance.

Why Is A Segmented Pid Control System Necessary For Lithium Battery Vacuum Drying? Ensure Precision & Safety

Learn how segmented PID control prevents thermal overshoot and protects sensitive lithium battery materials during the vacuum drying process.

What Are The Benefits Of Vacuum Heat Treatment? Achieve Superior Metallurgical Control

Discover how vacuum heat treatment prevents oxidation, ensures temperature uniformity, and delivers superior surface finish and mechanical properties.

What Is Vacuum Heat Treatment And Why Is It Important In Mechanical Manufacturing? Boost Component Performance And Lifespan

Learn how vacuum heat treatment prevents oxidation and decarburization for stronger, more durable metal parts in mechanical manufacturing.

How Is Vacuum Heat Treatment Applied To Elastic Alloys? Unlock Peak Performance In Aerospace And Medical Devices

Learn how vacuum heat treatment prevents oxidation and enhances elasticity in alloys for aerospace, medical, and precision instruments.

Why Is A High-Vacuum Heat Treatment Furnace Necessary For Vacuum Annealing Hea Coatings? Ensure Chemical Stability

Learn why Al0.3CoCrFeNiMo0.75 coatings require high vacuum (≤ 10^-2 Pa) at 1100 °C to prevent oxidation and control microstructure evolution.

How Does A High-Precision Temperature Control System Affect High-Entropy Materials? Unlock Material Performance

Learn how precise thermal control prevents grain coarsening and ensures elemental diffusion in high-entropy material sintering.

What Benefits Does Vacuum Heat Treatment Provide Over Traditional Methods? Achieve Superior Material Quality And Control

Discover how vacuum heat treatment prevents oxidation and decarburization for enhanced mechanical properties, purity, and process repeatability in critical applications.

What Are The Benefits Of Using Vacuum Furnaces For Heat Treating Compared To Traditional Methods? Achieve Superior Quality And Control

Discover how vacuum furnaces prevent oxidation, reduce distortion, and enhance mechanical properties for cleaner, higher-performance heat-treated parts.

Can You Use A Heat Press For Laminating? A Practical Guide For Diy And Crafting

Learn how to use a heat press for laminating with thermal pouches. Discover the steps, risks, and when to choose a dedicated laminator.

What Is The Primary Application Of Vacuum Heat Treating Furnaces In Aerospace? Enhance Component Performance With Precision

Explore how vacuum heat treating furnaces process titanium, aluminum, and nickel alloys for aerospace, ensuring strength, fatigue resistance, and contamination-free results.

What Physical Conditions Does A High-Temperature Vacuum Furnace Provide For Sic Skeletons? Expert Sintering Guide

Learn how high-temperature vacuum furnaces optimize SiC ceramic skeletons through solid-state diffusion, neck growth, and controlled porosity.

How Does A Vacuum High-Temperature Furnace Contribute To The Bonding Of Ceramic Phosphor? Precision Bonding Guide

Learn how vacuum high-temperature furnaces enable superior ceramic phosphor bonding to sapphire via atomic diffusion and oxidation prevention.

How Are Vacuum Furnaces Applied In The Semiconductor Industry? Essential For High-Purity Chip Manufacturing

Explore how vacuum furnaces enable critical semiconductor processes like annealing, doping, and CVD by providing ultra-clean, controlled environments for high-yield, reliable microelectronics.

Why Is A High-Temperature Vacuum Annealing Furnace Critical For Alpha-Al2O3/Mlg Membranes? Master Ion Selectivity

Learn how 1000°C vacuum annealing transforms alpha-Al2O3/MLG membranes into high-performance ion sieves by tuning van der Waals gaps to 0.35 nm.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Vacuum Heat Treatment Furnace? Precision Solution Treatment For 17-4Ph Steel

Learn why vacuum heat treatment is superior for 17-4PH stainless steel, preventing oxidation and optimizing copper-rich phase precipitation.

Why Is A Medium Frequency Induction Heating System Utilized In The Manufacture Of Diamond Drills Via Vacuum Hot Pressing? For Superior Speed And Durability

Discover how medium frequency induction heating enables rapid, energy-efficient diamond drill manufacturing with superior metallurgical quality in vacuum hot pressing.

What Are The Functions Of The Vacuum Chamber In The Furnace? Ensure Purity And Precision In High-Temp Processes

Learn how vacuum furnace chambers prevent oxidation, control atmosphere, and enable high-temperature processing for pure, consistent material results.

What Types Of Manufacturing Solutions Are Created For Composite Material Processing? Optimize Your Production With Advanced Methods

Explore hot and cold vacuum pressing, thermoforming, and integrated plants for efficient, high-quality composite material processing and manufacturing.

What Are The Three Categories Of Vacuum Tempering Furnaces? Choose The Best Fit For Your Parts

Explore front loading, vertical, and bell jar vacuum tempering furnaces. Learn how to select based on part geometry, handling, and process needs for optimal results.

Why Is A High-Pressure Reactor With A Ptfe Lining Required For V-Nbopo4@Rgo? Ensure Purity In Acidic Synthesis

Learn why PTFE lining is essential for V-NbOPO4@rGO synthesis to prevent corrosion from niobium pentachloride and ensure high material purity.

What Are The Functions Of A High-Vacuum Furnace For Corecr Alloys? Achieve Microstructural Precision And Phase Stability

Learn how high-vacuum heat treatment furnaces facilitate diffusion, prevent oxidation, and stabilize hcp phases in CoReCr alloys up to 1450°C.

What Steps Are Involved In Creating High-Quality Jewelry Using A Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace? Master Purity And Consistency

Learn the step-by-step process of using a vacuum induction melting furnace for jewelry to eliminate defects and achieve superior metal purity and alloy consistency.

Why Is An Auxiliary Gas Supply Device Required For Oil Sludge Pyrolysis? Ensure Stable Thermal Balance

Learn why auxiliary gas is essential for oil sludge pyrolysis systems to maintain thermal stability and 800°C temperatures during startup.

How Does A High Vacuum Tube Furnace Ensure Accuracy In Sn-Ag-Cu-Mn-Er Solder Experiments? Optimize Wetting Analysis

Learn how high vacuum tube furnaces eliminate oxidation and ensure precise wetting area calculations for Sn-Ag-Cu-Mn-Er solders.

What Is The Purpose Of Using Industrial Heating During Non-Productive Vacuum Degassing Phases? Protect Your Assets

Learn why preheating vacuum degassing units to 1100-1150 °C during downtime prevents thermal shock and reduces long-term energy costs.

What Is Vacuum Carburizing Or Low Pressure Carburizing (Lpc)? Unlock Precision Case Hardening For Steel

Explore vacuum carburizing (LPC), a modern steel hardening process offering superior control, cleanliness, and wear resistance for high-performance applications.

How Does A High-Pressure Autoclave With A Ptfe Liner Facilitate Glc Synthesis? Ensure Purity And Safety

Learn how PTFE-lined autoclaves enable safe glycerol carbonylation at 1.5-5.0 MPa while preventing catalytic interference.

What Pressure Range Is Typically Used In A Vacuum Brazing Furnace? Optimize For Clean, Strong Metal Joints

Learn the ideal vacuum brazing furnace pressure range (10⁻³ to 10⁻⁵ mbar) to prevent oxidation, ensure proper braze flow, and achieve reliable results.

What Is The Deposition Pressure Range For Pecvd Equipment? Optimize Film Quality And Deposition Speed

Learn the PECVD pressure range (0.133-40 Pa) and how it affects film density, deposition rate, and quality for better process control.

What Is The Function Of High-Precision Molds And Laboratory Presses In Llto Preparation? Ensure Material Consistency

Learn how high-precision molds and laboratory presses provide structural consolidation and green strength for LLTO ceramic electrolyte pellets.

Why Is A High-Vacuum Environment Required Before Vacuum Hot Rolling? Ensure Superior Clad Plate Bonding Integrity

Learn why a 10⁻² torr vacuum is essential to prevent oxidation and ensure metallurgical bonding between SS317L and GR60 steel during hot rolling.

Why Is A Vacuum Arc Furnace Necessary For Fe60Co10-Xni15Cr15Six? Ensure High-Entropy Alloy Purity

Learn why vacuum arc melting is mandatory for Fe-Co-Ni-Cr-Si alloys to prevent oxidation, remove impurities, and achieve atomic-scale homogeneity.

How Does A Vacuum Furnace Differ From A Muffle Furnace In Terms Of Operation? Choose The Right Furnace For Your Lab

Learn the key differences between vacuum and muffle furnaces, including atmosphere control, applications, and costs to optimize your heat treatment processes.

What Are The Advantages Of Vacuum Induction Melting? Achieve Superior Purity For High-Performance Alloys

Discover the key benefits of VIM: unmatched material purity, precise chemical control, and superior mechanical properties for aerospace, medical, and nuclear applications.

What Materials Are Typically Processed In Vacuum Melting Furnaces? Unlock High-Purity Material Processing

Discover key materials for vacuum melting furnaces, including reactive metals, superalloys, and ceramics, for superior purity and performance in aerospace and medical applications.

What Are The Main Types Of Vacuum Furnace Chambers And Their Temperature Ranges? Find The Perfect Fit For Your Lab

Explore vacuum furnace hot zone types—graphite, molybdenum, ceramic fiber—with temperature ranges up to 2200°C for sintering, brazing, and high-purity applications.

What Is The Function Of Graphite Dies In Vacuum Hot Pressing? Optimize Austenitic Stainless Steel Sintering Results

Learn how graphite dies enable pressure transmission, uniform heating, and shaping during the vacuum hot pressing of austenitic stainless steel.