What Is The Use Of Digital Muffle Furnace? Unlock Precise High-Temperature Processing

Learn how a digital muffle furnace provides precise, programmable heat for ashing, sintering, annealing, and material analysis up to 1800°C.

What Types Of Heating Elements Are Used In Ceramic Dental Furnaces? Choose The Right Element For Your Dental Lab

Explore heating elements like Kanthal, Nichrome, MoSi2, and SiC for ceramic dental furnaces. Learn how to select based on temperature needs for porcelain firing or zirconia sintering.

How Does Precise Temperature Control Benefit The Use Of A Digital Muffle Furnace? Unlock Reliable, Repeatable Results

Learn how precise temperature control in digital muffle furnaces ensures accuracy, repeatability, and automation for scientific and industrial applications.

How Do Custom Vacuum Furnaces Address Industry-Specific Challenges? Tailored Solutions For Aerospace, Medical & Energy

Discover how custom vacuum furnaces solve industry challenges with precise temperature control, purity, and quenching for aerospace, medical, and energy applications.

What Features Help Box Furnaces Maintain Uniform Temperatures? Key Design Elements For Precise Heat Distribution

Learn how box furnaces achieve uniform temperatures with heating elements, insulation, zone control, and air circulation for reliable lab results.

What Makes Box Furnaces Suitable For Demanding Applications? Engineered For Precision And Durability In High-Stakes Processes

Discover how box furnaces deliver precise temperature control, uniform heating, and robust construction for reliable performance in demanding lab and industrial applications.

How Do Box Furnaces Maintain Temperature Over Long Periods? Key Components For Stable Heat

Learn how box furnaces use automated controllers, efficient heating elements, and advanced insulation to ensure precise temperature stability for extended durations.

Why Is A Muffle Furnace Utilized For Primary Heat Treatment At 250 °C? Optimize Your Perovskite Catalyst Structure

Learn how 250 °C muffle furnace treatment triggers auto-combustion to create the high porosity and surface area required for perovskite catalysts.

What Is The Significance Of Pre-Equilibrating Samples In Silicate Studies? Maximize Experimental Efficiency

Learn why pre-equilibrating silicate samples in quartz or alumina containers at 600°C optimizes thermodynamic equilibrium and experimental accuracy.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In Al2O3/Ptfe Composites? Optimize Sintering For Superior Performance

Learn how high-temperature box furnaces enable sintering, molecular rearrangement, and alumina locking in Al2O3/PTFE composite fabrication.

How Are Modern Box Furnaces Controlled? Discover Precision With Digital Pid Systems

Learn how digital controllers, sensors, and power regulators ensure precise temperature control, programmability, and energy efficiency in box furnaces.

How Can The Front Panel Of The Box Furnace Be Configured? Optimize Temperature Control For Your Lab

Learn to configure box furnace front panels for precise temperature control, thermocouple setup, and ramp-soak programming to enhance lab efficiency and safety.

How Are Muffle Furnaces Utilized In Dental Laboratories? Essential For Sintering, Firing, And Casting

Learn how muffle furnaces enable precise sintering of zirconia, porcelain firing, and burnout in dental labs for durable, aesthetic restorations.

Why Is Isolation From Contaminants Important In A Digital Muffle Furnace? Ensure Purity And Accuracy In High-Temp Processes

Learn how isolation in digital muffle furnaces prevents contamination, ensuring material purity, analytical accuracy, and repeatable results for labs.

What Are The Uses Of Mosi2 Heating Elements In Ordnance And Defense Production? Achieve Superior High-Temperature Processing

Explore MoSi2 heating elements' role in defense: high-temperature heat treatment for steel, alloys, and turbine blades with precise control and reliability.

Why Must Catalysts Undergo High-Temperature Pretreatment? Ensure Precise Co Oxidation Data With Kintek

Learn why 400°C nitrogen pretreatment is vital for catalyst decontamination, surface activation, and ensuring CO oxidation experiment accuracy.

What Experimental Conditions Does A Small High-Temperature Electric Heating Furnace Provide For Graphite Bearings?

Learn how high-temp furnaces simulate aviation conditions to test graphite bearing friction, water desorption, and polymer melting up to 500°C.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Using A High-Temperature Box Resistance Furnace During The Pretreatment Of Kaolin Catalysts? Optimize Performance & Structure

Discover how high-temperature box resistance furnaces optimize kaolin catalyst pretreatment through calcination, dehydroxylation, and enhanced surface area for superior catalytic performance.

What Role Does A Laboratory High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Play In The Treatment Of Highly Contaminated Waste Glass?

Discover how high-temperature muffle furnaces purify contaminated waste glass by incinerating organic impurities to restore material reactivity.

Why Is The Control Of Heating And Cooling Rates In A Tube Furnace Critical For The Thermal Reduction Of Lithium Niobate?

Learn why precise heating and cooling rates are essential to prevent thermal shock and ensure uniform reduction in lithium niobate crystals.

What Is The Role Of High-Temperature Calcination Equipment In Waste Tire Charcoal Preparation? Master Wtc Pyrolysis

Learn how high-temperature calcination equipment converts waste tires into high-carbon charcoal through precise thermal decomposition and pyrolysis.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of A High-Temperature Furnace In Ammonia Decomposition? Maximizing Thermal Activation

Learn how high-temperature furnaces provide critical thermal energy for ammonia decomposition and explore efficiency vs. emission trade-offs.

What Role Do High-Precision Laboratory Ovens Play In Assessing The Energy Potential Of Msw? Enhancing Biomass Accuracy

Learn how high-precision ovens ensure accurate MSW proximate analysis by removing moisture to determine fuel value and GCV/NCV energy potential.

What Is The Function Of An Industrial Muffle Furnace In Converting Microalgae Into Cobalt Oxide Nanomaterials?

Learn how industrial muffle furnaces facilitate calcination, thermal uniformity, and crystal formation in microalgae-to-cobalt oxide conversion.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Tube Furnace Play In Converting Mxene Derivatives Into N-Tio2@Nc? Unlock Precision Synthesis

Learn how tube furnaces enable the transformation of MXene into N-TiO2@NC through controlled atmosphere, 800°C heating, and in-situ pyrolysis.

What Are The Primary Process Objectives When Using A Laboratory High-Temperature Muffle Furnace For Precursor Treatment?

Learn how muffle furnaces achieve precise thermal conversion of nitrate precursors into active oxide states for Fischer-Tropsch catalysts.

Why Is A High-Precision Multi-Functional Muffle Furnace Required In Cgfs? Achieve Exact Decarbonization Metrics

Learn why a high-precision muffle furnace is vital for Coal Gasification Fine Slag (CGFS) analysis through precise $950^{\circ}C$ calcination.

How Does An Industrial High-Temperature Box Furnace Perform Solution Treatment For The Ss317L Layer In Clad Plates?

Learn how high-temperature box furnaces restore SS317L clad plates through 900°C solution treatment, enhancing corrosion resistance and plasticity.

What Core Function Does A Furnace Perform In Pine Cone Activated Carbon Production? Master Controlled Pyrolysis

Learn how high-temp furnaces drive pyrolysis and atmosphere control to transform pine cone biomass into high-surface-area activated carbon.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Calcination Furnace Play In Hzsm-5 Zeolite? Powering Catalyst Activation

Learn how high-temperature calcination furnaces activate HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts through deammoniation, pore clearing, and structural stabilization.

Why Is A Two-Stage Sintering Process Used For Porous Latp? Master Structural Integrity And Porosity

Learn how the two-stage sintering process for LATP frameworks prevents structural cracking while ensuring mechanical strength and optimal porosity.

What Are The Primary Functions Of Industrial-Grade Constant Temperature Furnaces For Nicocraly Oxidation Kinetics?

Learn how industrial furnaces validate NiCoCrAlY coating longevity through static isothermal oxidation tests and TGO growth rate monitoring.

What Are The Advantages Of High-Temperature Bse Detectors? Unlock Real-Time Compositional Analysis Up To 1000°C

Discover how specialized BSE detectors overcome thermal radiation to provide precise atomic number contrast in high-heat environments.

Why Is An External Cooling System Vital For High-Temperature Furnace Stability? Protect Your Research Integrity

Learn how external cooling systems act as thermal anchors, ensuring experimental reproducibility and preventing material defects in lab furnaces.

How Does The Annealing Process Affect Co3O4/Cu2+1O Heterojunction Nanowires? Achieve Precise Structural Hybridization

Learn how 350°C annealing in a tube furnace transforms precursors into Co3O4/Cu2+1O nanowires with high porosity and active sites.

What Is The Mechanism Of A Box Muffle Furnace In The Preparation Of Active Magnesium Oxide Powder? Expert Guide

Learn how box muffle furnaces enable precise thermal decomposition at 350°C to create high-reactivity magnesium oxide with optimal surface area.

How Is A Laboratory Muffle Furnace Utilized In The Heat Treatment Of Dp Steel? Optimize Martensite & Strength

Learn how Muffle furnaces enable precise intercritical annealing of Dual-Phase (DP) steel to control martensite fraction and eliminate banding.

How Do Quartz-Capped Vials Facilitate The Pyrolysis Of Magnetic Chitosan Carbon? Master Localized Reducing Atmospheres

Learn how quartz-capped vials create a self-contained micro-environment for the synthesis of magnetic chitosan carbon within a muffle furnace.

What Role Do High-Temperature Muffle Or Tube Furnaces Play In Hydroxyapatite Synthesis? Mastering Bioceramic Purity

Learn how high-temperature furnaces drive atomic diffusion, mineralization, and crystallinity in the solid-state synthesis of hydroxyapatite powders.

Why Is A Heating Device With Magnetic Stirring Required For Y2O3-Mgo Precursors? Ensure Perfect Particle Coating

Learn why magnetic stirring is essential for Y2O3-MgO composite synthesis to prevent nanoparticle agglomeration and ensure uniform deposition.

What Protective Role Does A Wet Hydrogen (Ar/H2) Environment Play In A Tube Furnace For Thin Film Stability Testing?

Learn how wet hydrogen (Ar/H2) stabilizes chromium oxide films and prevents ruthenium over-oxidation during high-temperature tube furnace tests.

What Role Does A Box Furnace Play During The Oxidative Stabilization Of Nanofibers? Essential Chemical Transformation

Learn how box furnaces transform PAN fibers into heat-resistant structures through precise oxidative stabilization and chemical restructuring.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Box Resistance Furnace Play In Hydroxyapatite/Zirconia Composite Preparation?

Learn how muffle furnaces drive densification, atomic diffusion, and grain boundary migration to create high-performance ceramic composites.

What Cooling Strategy Should Be Followed In A Muffle Furnace For Bifeo3 Nanofibers? Ensure Structural Integrity

Learn why natural cooling is the essential strategy for BiFeO3 nanofibers to prevent thermal stress and preserve multiferroic properties.

What Core Process Conditions Does A Tube Furnace Provide During Ni-Tin Catalyst Calcination? Master Precise Catalysis

Learn how tube furnaces provide controlled thermal ramping and inert nitrogen atmospheres to optimize Ni-TiN catalyst calcination at 450 °C.

How Does The Environmental Control Of A High-Temperature Tube Furnace Affect The Calcination Of Alpha-Moo3 Powder?

Learn how precise temperature and atmospheric control in tube furnaces enable evaporation-condensation to create ultra-fine alpha-MoO3 flakes.

What Is The Primary Function Of An Industrial-Grade Electric Oven For Concrete? Optimize High-Temp Material Testing

Learn how industrial electric ovens simulate extreme environments to evaluate strength degradation and thermal stability in concrete composites.

How Does A Laboratory Muffle Furnace Contribute To The Multi-Stage Thermal Treatment Of Mesoporous Cobalt Oxide (Co3O4)?

Learn how a muffle furnace uses multi-stage thermal protocols to transform precursors into high-reactivity nanocrystalline mesoporous cobalt oxide.

Why Is A Heating Furnace Set To 155 °C For Sulfur Melt-Diffusion? Unlock Optimal Battery Material Synthesis

Learn why 155 °C is the critical temperature for minimizing sulfur viscosity and maximizing capillary action in battery material infiltration.

How Does A High-Temperature Tube Furnace Facilitate The Synthesis Of Ni17W3/Moo3-X/Wo3-X Catalysts During Annealing?

Learn how tube furnaces enable phase reduction and oxygen vacancy engineering to create high-performance Ni17W3 catalysts under reducing atmospheres.

Why Is A Graphite Shield Essential In Silicon Crystal Growth? Master Thermal And Chemical Purity

Learn how graphite shields and draft tubes regulate argon flow and thermal radiation to ensure high-purity, constant-diameter silicon crystals.

What Role Does A Box Laboratory Furnace Play In Tungsten-Doped Germanium Telluride? Master Melting & Annealing

Learn how box laboratory furnaces enable high-temperature melting and 3-day annealing for high-performance thermoelectric alloy synthesis.

What Specific Function Does A Muffle Furnace Perform In Determining The Moisture Content Of Safou Pulp? Essential Guide

Learn how muffle furnaces establish a zero-moisture baseline for Safou pulp through 24-hour heat treatment at 100°C for accurate dehydration metrics.

How Is The Atmosphere Controlled In An Atmosphere Protection Muffle Furnace? Master Precise Gas Control For Superior Results

Learn how atmosphere control in muffle furnaces prevents oxidation and ensures material integrity with precise gas flow management for heat treatment.

How Does A High-Temperature Vacuum Furnace Benefit Vacuum Heat Treatment And Sintering Processes? Unlock Superior Material Quality

Discover how vacuum furnaces prevent oxidation, ensure purity, and enhance process control for superior heat treatment and sintering outcomes.

Why Are Laboratory Furnaces Considered Essential In Industrial And Scientific Applications? Unlock Precision And Control For Your Materials

Discover why laboratory furnaces are vital for precise temperature control, atmosphere management, and high-temperature processing in industries and research.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Laboratory Oven Play In Catalyst Activation? Boost Surface Area And Performance

Learn how high-temperature ovens activate catalysts like dolomite and zeolite by removing moisture and clearing pores to maximize surface area.

How Does A Laboratory Horizontal Tube Furnace Establish A Controlled Environment? Precision Corrosion Testing Guide

Learn how horizontal tube furnaces use dual-tube isolation and PID control to create precise, controlled environments for high-temp corrosion tests.

What Role Does An Externally Heated Vertical Tube Furnace Play In High-Temperature Molten Salt Electrolysis Systems?

Learn how externally heated vertical tube furnaces enable precise 800°C control and atmospheric protection for molten salt electrolysis.

What Role Does A High-Power Graphite Resistance Furnace Play In Sic Ceramic Treatment? Achieve Perfect Crystallization

Learn how graphite resistance furnaces drive SiC phase transformation and optimize micro-porosity for high-performance ceramic manufacturing.

How Does Furnace Calcination Influence The Microscopic Morphology Of Kaolin Catalysts? Enhance Surface Area And Porosity

Learn how furnace calcination transforms kaolin morphology, increasing surface area from 5.514 to 26.567 m²/g for superior catalyst performance.

What Is The Significance Of The 200 °C Calcination For Fe3O4/Biochar? Enhancing Stability And Magnetic Recovery

Learn how the 200 °C calcination process optimizes Fe3O4/biochar composites by strengthening particle anchoring and improving magnetic recovery.

How Does Calcination Temperature Affect Cuo Grain Growth? Optimize Nanoporous Film Morphology And Crystallinity

Learn how muffle furnace temperatures (400°C–750°C) drive atomic diffusion and grain growth in nanoporous CuO films for better electronic transport.

What Are The Primary Functions Of Industrial Muffle Furnaces In The Thermal Stabilization Of Metal-Lignin Complexes?

Learn how industrial muffle furnaces enable precise thermal stabilization of metal-lignin complexes through inert atmospheres and cross-linking.

What Is The Role Of High-Temperature Calcination In A Tube Furnace For H-Beta Zeolite? Engineer Precision Catalysts

Learn how tube furnace calcination enables precise dealumination and acid site tuning of H-Beta zeolite for optimal carbohydrate conversion.

Why Must High-Temp Furnaces Have Lifting Devices For Rmi Of Uhtcmcs? Control Reaction Timing And Fiber Integrity

Learn how adjustable lifting devices in high-temp furnaces enable precise reaction timing and prevent fiber degradation during RMI processes.

How Does A High-Temperature Box-Type Resistance Furnace Assist In The Densification Of Ceramic Microwave Materials?

Learn how box-type resistance furnaces drive densification in ceramic microwave-absorbing materials through thermal activation and mass transfer.

What Is The Specific Temperature For Phosphate Glass Precursors? Master 900°C Melting For 20Na2O–10Nacl–70P2O5

Learn the exact furnace parameters (900°C for 1 hour) and quenching steps needed to produce high-quality, homogeneous phosphate glass precursors.

Why Is Heat Treatment In A Muffle Furnace Required For Bioactive Glass Pellets? Ensure Sterile Biological Testing

Learn why sterilizing bioactive glass at 160°C in a muffle furnace is critical for accurate antibacterial and cytotoxicity test results.

How Is A Muffle Furnace Utilized In The Rtac Strategy? Precision Atomic Engineering For High-Performance Catalysts

Learn how muffle furnaces induce thermal stress and lattice distortion in catalyst processing via the Rapid Thermal Annealing-Cooling (RTAC) strategy.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory High-Temperature Furnace In Llzo Crystal Phase Regulation? Optimize Li-Ion Electrolytes

Discover how precise furnace control drives the cubic phase transition in LLZO while preventing lithium loss and microstructural degradation.

How Is A Muffle Furnace Utilized During The Raw Material Preparation Stage? Optimize Your Lab Results Today

Learn how muffle furnaces ensure chemical purity through high-temp pretreatment, decarbonization, and pre-sintering in lab material preparation.

What Role Does Industrial Heating Equipment Play In The Manufacturing Process Of 55Si2 Spring Steel During Winding?

Discover how industrial heating equipment optimizes 55Si2 spring steel winding by enhancing plasticity and preventing surface micro-cracks.

Why Is Precise Temperature Control In Muffle Or Tube Furnaces Critical For Fe3Gate2 Crystal Growth? Expert Insights

Learn why Fe3GaTe2 synthesis requires precise temperature control and 100-hour regulated cooling to prevent impurities and ensure crystal purity.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A High-Temperature Furnace At 900°C For Eggshells? Master Calcination For Cao Production

Learn why 900°C is the critical temperature for converting eggshells into calcium oxide (CaO) through thermal decomposition and calcination.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A Laboratory Oven During Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Preparation? Optimize Material Pretreatment

Learn why laboratory ovens are essential for sugarcane bagasse pretreatment, from moisture removal to improving combustion and grinding efficiency.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Tube Furnace In Converting Pet To Activated Carbon? Achieve Precision Carbonization

Learn how tube furnaces enable PET to activated carbon conversion through controlled inert atmospheres and precise thermal activation (700°C-900°C).

What Is The Function Of A Muffle Furnace In Li2Mg3Ti(1-X)Zrxo6 Calcination? Optimize Ceramic Phase Purity

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces drive solid-state reactions and ensure phase purity in Li2Mg3Ti(1-x)ZrxO6 ceramic powder synthesis.

Why Is An Air Furnace Used With Boron Nitride Powder For Copper? Achieve Oxidation-Free Heat Treatment

Learn how boron nitride powder protects copper samples from oxidation in air furnaces, ensuring material purity and reducing post-process cleaning.

What Are The Primary Applications Of A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace In Biomass Fuel Evaluation? Optimize Energy Data

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces isolate volatiles at 920°C and ash at 700°C to predict biomass briquette combustion and efficiency.

Why Do The Crucible Residues Remaining After The Vacuum Distillation Of Magnesium Alloys Possess High Recycling Value?

Learn how vacuum distillation concentrates aluminum, manganese, and zirconium into high-value residues for sustainable master alloy production.

What Role Does Precise Temperature Control Play In Nuclear Waste Leaching Tests? Ensure Accurate Safety Evaluations

Learn how precise temperature control simulates geological conditions and ensures accurate release rate data in nuclear waste matrix leaching tests.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In Simulating Cement Clinker? Achieve High-Precision Lab Sintering Today

Learn how high-temp muffle furnaces simulate industrial cement kilns to produce quality C3S and C2S minerals through precise thermal control.

What Is The Purpose Of Pre-Baking Sapphire Substrates? Master Atomic Flatness For Superior Thin Film Growth

Learn why pre-baking sapphire substrates at 1000°C is essential for thermal cleaning, removing contaminants, and ensuring high-quality epitaxy.

How Does A Laboratory Tube Furnace Facilitate The Control Of Pore Structures? Master Precision Porous Carbon Synthesis

Learn how tube furnace precision thermal regulation and atmosphere control dictate pore size, surface area, and conductivity in carbon materials.

How Does The Use Of A Muffle Furnace Improve The Ion Exchange Process In Zeolites? Optimize Your Catalyst Performance

Learn how precise thermal control and high-temp calcination in muffle furnaces accelerate ion diffusion and optimize zeolite pore accessibility.

What Is The Function Of A High-Temperature Tube Furnace? Master Grain Growth For Microcrystalline Alloy Samples

Learn how high-temperature tube furnaces facilitate controlled grain coarsening and structural transformation for alloy comparison research.

Why Is A Muffle Furnace Essential For Ni And Zn-Doped Mgo Nanoparticles? Master Calcination For Pure Phase Synthesis

Learn how muffle furnaces enable thermal decomposition and dopant integration to produce high-quality Ni/Zn-doped MgO nanoparticles.

Why Are Industrial-Grade Drying And Crushing Equipment Necessary For Pretreatment? Optimize Chemical Reactions

Learn how precision drying and crushing to <75μm optimize surface area and reaction kinetics for zinc powder and iron oxide pretreatment.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Muffle Furnace In The Post-Treatment Of Htc Products? Engineering Carbon Excellence

Learn how laboratory muffle furnaces enable dehydration, polycondensation, and morphological control to produce carbon microspheres from biomass.

What Is The Mechanism Of The Thermal Reduction Process For Graphene Oxide-Cement? Master Thermal Activation In Furnaces

Understand how high-temperature muffle furnaces facilitate the in-situ deoxygenation of GO-cement to enhance electrical conductivity.

Why Must Temperature Loss Be Monitored During The Aluminum Alloy Refining Cycle? Essential Tips For Casting Success

Learn why monitoring temperature loss in aluminum refining is vital for fluidity, castability, and balancing degassing with thermal retention.

How Does Heat Treatment Equipment Improve The Pore Characteristics Of Bioactive Fillers? Unlock High-Performance Porosity

Learn how thermal processing transforms biogenic particles into high-efficiency porous carriers for wastewater treatment and catalysis.

What Functions Do High Vacuum Pumping Systems And Tube Furnaces Serve? Enhancing Amorphous Ribbon Performance

Learn how high vacuum systems and tube furnaces isolate iron-based amorphous ribbons from oxidation while controlling nanostructural evolution.

Why Is A Muffle Furnace Used Without Protective Gases For Molybdenum Alloys? Simulate Real-World Oxidation Conditions

Learn why testing molybdenum alloys in air at 600 °C is critical for simulating real-world aerospace and nuclear oxidation environments.

What Role Do High-Temperature Tube Or Muffle Furnaces Play In Biomass-Derived Carbon? Enhance Catalyst Performance

Learn how tube and muffle furnaces drive pyrolysis, carbonization, and surface engineering to create high-performance biomass catalytic materials.

What Advantages Does A Salt Bath Furnace Offer For Bainitic Transformation? Achieve Superior Steel Microstructures

Discover why salt bath furnaces outperform standard furnaces for bainitic transformation through rapid cooling and precise isothermal control.

How Does A High-Temperature Box Resistance Furnace Facilitate The Heat Treatment Of Feal Alloys? Expert Solutions

Learn how high-temperature box furnaces enable FeAl alloy homogenization through precise thermal stability and solid-state atomic diffusion.

What Is The Function Of A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace For Nio Thin Films? Optimize Gas Sensing Performance

Learn how 500°C thermal annealing in a muffle furnace stabilizes NiO thin films, reduces conductivity, and enhances gas sensing for H2 and Acetone.

What Is The Function Of A Muffle Furnace In Preparing Mgo Nanoparticles? Precise Thermal Decomposition At 630°C

Learn how muffle furnaces enable precise thermal decomposition of magnesium oxalate at 630°C to produce high-reactivity MgO reinforcement phases.