muffle furnace

How Is A Muffle Furnace Utilized In The Structural Characterization Of 5At And Naio4? Precision Thermal Conditioning

Learn how muffle furnaces enable structural analysis of 5AT and NaIO4 decomposition through precise 200°C isothermal treatment for XRD and FTIR.

What Is The Core Role Of A Muffle Furnace In The Synthesis Of Calcium Oxide From Eggshells? Achieve High-Purity Cao

Learn how muffle furnaces facilitate the thermal decomposition of eggshells into pure calcium oxide through precise calcination and isolation.

What Is The Technical Necessity Of Using High-Temperature Furnaces For Neutron Scattering? Ensure Sample Integrity.

Learn why high-temperature furnaces and high-vacuum systems are essential for stable data and preventing oxidation in neutron scattering experiments.

Why Is Heating Rate Control Critical For Aa7050 Alloy Treatment? Master Microstructural Evolution In Lab Furnaces

Learn how heating rates in air-circulation furnaces dictate grain nucleation and recrystallization for high-quality AA7050 aluminum alloy wire.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Muffle Furnace For Kaolinite To Metakaolin? Precision Dehydroxylation Control

Learn how laboratory muffle furnaces provide the precise thermal field required for dehydroxylation and converting kaolinite into reactive metakaolin.

How Does A Muffle Furnace Ensure The Quality Of High-Temperature Solid-State Synthesis? Achieve Superior Phase Purity

Learn how precise temperature control, uniform thermal fields, and programmable heating curves in muffle furnaces optimize solid-state synthesis.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Play In Tio2 And Pen Cross-Linking? Unlock High-Performance Hybrids

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces drive the cross-linking of TiO2 and PEN hybrids to create superior thermosetting materials.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace For Post-Annealing? Enhance Metal Oxide Performance

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces drive phase transformation and improve conductivity in metal oxide electron transport layers.

Why Is A Programmable Temperature Control Furnace Necessary For Sintering Ha? Ensure Structural Integrity & Purity

Learn why programmable furnaces are essential for Hydroxyapatite (HA) sintering to prevent phase decomposition and ensure mechanical strength.

Why Is A Muffle Furnace Required For Alpha-Fe2O3? Unlock Precise Phase Transformation & High Crystallinity

Learn why muffle furnaces are essential for alpha-Fe2O3 calcination, ensuring precise thermal control, dehydration, and high semiconductor purity.

What Role Does A Laboratory Muffle Furnace Play In The Modification Of Mesoporous Silica Carriers For Drug Loading?

Learn how muffle furnaces activate mesoporous silica carriers via calcination, removing organic templates to maximize surface area for drug loading.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Play In G-C3N4 Catalyst Synthesis? Precision Pyrolysis Solutions

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces enable precise polycondensation and metal atom anchoring for g-C3N4 based atomic site catalysts.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Experimental Furnace Play In Sintering Li2Mg3Ti(1-X)Zrxo6 Ceramics?

Learn how high-temperature furnaces drive densification, microstructure growth, and dielectric performance in Li2Mg3Ti(1-x)ZrxO6 ceramics.

What Is The Function Of A Muffle Furnace In Li2Mg3Ti(1-X)Zrxo6 Calcination? Optimize Ceramic Phase Purity

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces drive solid-state reactions and ensure phase purity in Li2Mg3Ti(1-x)ZrxO6 ceramic powder synthesis.

Why Is A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Typically Selected For Annealing? Achieve Optimal Ceramic Performance

Learn why muffle furnaces are essential for ceramic annealing, from stress relief and oxygen restoration to precise microstructure optimization.

What Are The Advantages Of Sps Over Muffle Furnaces For Fine-Grained Ceramics? Achieve Near-Theoretical Density

Learn how Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) uses pulsed DC and pressure to inhibit grain growth and enhance ceramic density vs traditional muffle furnaces.

What Is The Function Of An Industrial Muffle Furnace In Stir Casting? Enhance Aluminum Matrix Composite Production

Learn how industrial muffle furnaces optimize stir casting by providing precise melting, particle pre-treatment, and enhanced interfacial bonding.

How Does A Laboratory Muffle Furnace Contribute To The Thermal Processing Of Ti-Zr-Nb Alloy Sheets?

Discover how muffle furnaces optimize Ti-Zr-Nb alloy sheets by enhancing plasticity, preventing defects, and stabilizing phase structures.

Why Is A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Required For 1000 Celsius Aging Treatment? Evaluate Cezrpal Durability

Learn why 1000°C muffle furnace aging is essential for testing CeZrPAl automotive catalyst supports, from phase separation to thermal stability.

What Is The Function Of A Muffle Furnace During 500°C Pre-Calcination? Master Cezrpal Support Synthesis

Learn how a muffle furnace facilitates thermal decomposition, phase transformation, and phosphate dispersion in CeZrPAl catalytic supports.

Why Is A Desktop Drying Oven Used For Cezrpal Supports? Essential Tips For Structural Integrity

Learn why slow, uniform drying in a desktop oven is critical for CeZrPAl supports to prevent pore collapse and maintain high specific surface area.

How Does Muffle Furnace Temperature Control Affect Copper(Ii) Orthoperiodate Synthesis? Master Phase Purity

Learn how precise temperature control and cooling rates determine polymorphic selection and phase purity in copper(II) orthoperiodate synthesis.

What Critical Environmental Conditions Does A Muffle Furnace Provide For Aluminum Cast Iron? Optimize Your Heat Treatment

Learn how box-type resistance furnaces create the precise 973K-1373K oxidative environments needed for aluminum-containing cast iron treatments.

What Is The Core Function Of A Muffle Furnace In Mesoporous Silica Prep? Master Template Removal & Calcination

Learn how industrial muffle furnaces utilize precise calcination to remove organic templates and unlock the pore structure of mesoporous silica.

What Is The Function Of A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace In Bczt Ceramic Synthesis? Optimize Phase Transformation

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces drive calcination and perovskite phase formation at 1250°C for high-performance BCZT ceramics.

How Does A Stainless Steel Reactor Function Within A Muffle Furnace For Pet To Graphene? Master Carbon Synthesis

Learn how stainless steel reactors create pressurized micro-environments inside muffle furnaces to convert PET plastic into high-quality graphene.

Why Is A High-Temp Muffle Furnace Required For Graphene Catalyst Calcination? Achieve Precise Phase Transformation

Learn why muffle furnaces are essential for graphene catalyst calcination, from organic decomposition to optimizing surface area and crystallinity.

What Conditions Does A Muffle Furnace Provide For Ceramic Bricks? Precision Heat For Hedenbergite Synthesis

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces provide the critical 1190°C environment needed for hedenbergite and diopside ceramic synthesis.

How Does The Two-Stage Heating Program Of A Muffle Furnace Influence The Quality Of Rice Husk Ash? Optimize Your Silica

Learn how a two-stage heating program (270°C & 700°C) in a muffle furnace ensures high-purity, white, amorphous rice husk ash by avoiding overheating.

How Does An Industrial Electric Box Furnace Maintain Sample Alignment? Ensure Precision In High-Throughput Calcination

Learn how precise thermal control and slow ramp rates in electric box furnaces maintain sample alignment for automated high-throughput processing.

Why Is A Laboratory Muffle Furnace Essential For The Activation Of Catalysts? Optimize Your Catalyst Performance

Learn how muffle furnaces transform precursors into active catalysts through calcination, template removal, and precise thermal control.

In What Way Is A Muffle Furnace Used For The Quantitative Analysis Of Rice Husk Components? Essential Ashing Guide

Learn how muffle furnaces enable quantitative analysis of rice husks by isolating inorganic ash and silica through controlled thermal combustion.

What Role Does An Industrial-Grade Ashing Furnace Play In The Synthesis Of Activated Carbon? Optimize Biomass Conversion

Learn how industrial-grade ashing furnaces transform biomass into activated carbon through precise calcination and chemical activation processes.

What Is The Significance Of Using A Muffle Furnace For Y2O3 Coated Mgo: Ce3+? Optimize Particle Crystallization

Learn how muffle furnaces drive phase transformation, Y2O3 mineralization, and Ce3+ doping to create high-performance crystalline particles.

Why Is A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Required For Sinw Manufacturing? Optimize Solid-State Dewetting Processes

Learn how Muffle Furnaces enable precise solid-state dewetting for Silicon Nanowires, replacing complex lithography with cost-effective annealing.

What Is The Function Of A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace In The Two-Step Heat Treatment Of Ptfe-Coated Nickel Foam?

Learn how muffle furnaces enable surfactant removal and PTFE sintering to create durable, acid-resistant nickel foam for fuel cell applications.

What Role Does A Box-Type High-Temperature Furnace Play In Sc Material Desulfurization? Optimize Carbonization Cycles

Learn how box-type furnaces enable stepped thermal polycondensation and desulfurization to create stable, microporous sulfur-carbon anode materials.

What Conditions Does A Muffle Furnace Provide For Fucus Vesiculosus Ash Determination? Achieve Precise 700°C Ashing

Learn how a muffle furnace provides a stable 700°C oxidative environment to accurately determine the ash content of Fucus vesiculosus seaweed.

Why Is A Muffle Furnace Utilized For Boehmite Treatment? Optimize Your Catalyst Preparation

Learn why muffle furnaces are essential for transforming Boehmite into gamma-alumina through precise calcination at 550°C.

What Is The Primary Use Of A Muffle Furnace In The Assembly Of Side-Heated Resistive Gas Sensors? Expert Annealing Guide

Learn how muffle furnaces optimize gas sensor assembly through 350°C annealing, binder removal, and ensuring precise ohmic contact for accuracy.

Why Is A Box Resistance Furnace Required For Au-Modified Zno Calcination? Ensure Precise Structural Integrity

Learn why box resistance furnaces are essential for calcining Au-modified ZnO, focusing on organic template removal and structural stability.

What Role Do Muffle Furnaces Play In Sintering 3D-Printed Beta-Tcp? Optimize Your Bioceramic Results

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces enable debinding and sintering of 3D-printed beta-TCP for high-strength, bioactive medical ceramics.

What Cooling Strategy Should Be Followed In A Muffle Furnace For Bifeo3 Nanofibers? Ensure Structural Integrity

Learn why natural cooling is the essential strategy for BiFeO3 nanofibers to prevent thermal stress and preserve multiferroic properties.

What Is The Technical Significance Of Setting A Specific Heating Rate In A Muffle Furnace For G-C3N4 Synthesis?

Learn how heating rates control deammoniation and polycondensation to produce high-quality, crystalline graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4).

What Is The Significance Of The Heating And Holding Curves In A Muffle Furnace? Sinter High-Quality Ptfe Composites

Learn how precise heating and holding curves in muffle furnaces prevent cracks and ensure dense, high-strength PTFE composites during sintering.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In The Preparation Of Expanded Graphite? Achieve Maximum Expansion Through Thermal Shock

Learn how muffle furnaces utilize 800°C thermal shock to trigger rapid pyrolysis and expand graphite layers into porous, worm-like structures.

How Does A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Contribute To The Thermal Treatment Process Of Chalcopyrite Ore?

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces optimize chalcopyrite processing through thermal stress induction and energy-efficient grinding.

How Is A Laboratory Muffle Furnace Utilized In Carbon Nitride Exfoliation? Optimize Thermal Processing Strategies

Learn how muffle furnaces drive thermal exfoliation and polycondensation to create high-performance hollow filamentous carbon nitride structures.

How Does A High-Precision Resistance Furnace Ensure T6 Solution Treatment? Achieve Peak Alloy Strength With Kintek

Learn how temperature uniformity in box and pit furnaces ensures effective solution treatment and prevents alloy defects in T6 heat processing.

How Does A High-Temperature Heating Furnace Facilitate The Homogenization Of Shipbuilding Steel? Achieve Peak Uniformity

Learn how high-temperature heating at 1150°C for 2 hours drives elemental diffusion to homogenize shipbuilding steel billets for superior quality.

Why Are Drying Ovens And Calcination Furnaces Required For Aunps On Stfo? Optimize Your Catalyst Activation

Learn why thermal treatment is critical for AuNP/STFO catalysts: moisture removal, organic elimination, and Schottky junction formation.

What Role Does A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Play In Stfo Synthesis? Achieve Pure Perovskite Results

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces drive phase transitions, organic decomposition, and crystallization in STFO perovskite synthesis.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Muffle Furnace In The Oxidative Annealing Of Black Indium Oxide Particles?

Learn how muffle furnaces use oxidative annealing to verify material composition and identify oxygen vacancies in black indium oxide particles.

What Is The Core Function Of A Muffle Furnace In Cuo Nanoparticle Synthesis? Achieve Precision Calcination

Learn how muffle furnaces drive thermal decomposition and tune particle size, crystallinity, and optical properties of copper oxide nanoparticles.

Why Is High-Temperature Calcination Necessary For The Modification Of Boron-Doped Porous Carbon? Expert Insights

Learn why 900°C calcination is critical for boron-doped porous carbon, from precursor decomposition to lattice reorganization for catalyst support.

What Is The Function Of A High-Precision Resistance Furnace In The Al-Mg-Si Alloy Melting Process? Achieve 750°C Stability

Learn how high-precision resistance furnaces stabilize Al-Mg-Si melting through thermal control, homogenization, and expert chemical balancing.

How Does A Laboratory High-Temperature Box Furnace Ensure The Material Performance Of Nn-10St Based Ceramics?

Learn how high-temperature box furnaces optimize NN-10ST ceramics through precise thermal control, densification, and 280 MV/m breakdown resistance.

What Is The Function Of A Muffle Furnace In The Preparation Of Phosphate Glass Raw Materials? Expert Insights

Learn how muffle furnaces enable chemical transformation, ensure homogeneity, and prevent contamination in phosphate glass production at 1150°C.

Why Is A High-Temperature Sintering Furnace Essential For Hap Scaffolds? Master Hydroxyapatite Strength & Integrity

Learn how high-temperature sintering furnaces transform hydroxyapatite scaffolds into robust, biocompatible bone substitutes through diffusion.

How Is A Laboratory Muffle Furnace Utilized During The Debinding Stage Of Hap Green Bodies? Precision Thermal Control

Learn how muffle furnaces facilitate the critical debinding stage of hydroxyapatite (HAp) green bodies through controlled pyrolysis and heating.

Why Is A Muffle Furnace Required For Lithium Recovery? Boost Yield With Precise Sulfuric Acid Roasting

Learn how muffle furnaces optimize lithium recovery by maintaining precise 180°C temperatures for the sulfation of metal residues.

What Is The Function Of A Muffle Furnace In Lscf Modification? Achieve Precise Thermal Foundation For Advanced Ceramics

Learn how muffle furnaces optimize LSCF materials by inducing oxygen vacancies through precise temperature control and uniform heating at 800°C.

Why Is The Muffle Furnace Heat Treatment Necessary For Nico2O4/Zno-Cuo/Nf Electrodes? Unlock High-Performance Activity

Learn why 400°C calcination in a muffle furnace is essential for converting hydroxide precursors into high-activity NiCo2O4 spinel phases.

Why Is Precise Temperature Control In A Muffle Furnace Critical During The Conversion Of Feooh To Fe2O3?

Learn why temperature precision is vital for FeOOH to Fe2O3 conversion, ensuring phase purity and preventing grain growth in hematite production.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Muffle Furnace In Iron-Modified Activated Carbon Prep? Optimize Adsorption Sites

Learn how muffle furnaces enable controlled pyrolysis and oxidation to create high-performance iron-modified activated carbon for contamination removal.

What Are The Primary Functions Of Industrial High-Temperature Muffle Or Tube Furnaces In The Sintering Of Pcec?

Learn how muffle and tube furnaces enable material densification, porosity elimination, and proton conductivity in PCEC sintering processes.

How Does A Muffle Furnace Facilitate The Calcination Stage Of Cuo/Al2O3 Catalyst Preparation? Optimize Active Sites

Learn how muffle furnaces enable precise CuO/Al2O3 catalyst calcination through thermal decomposition, phase transformation, and dispersion control.

What Role Does A Laboratory High-Temperature Box Furnace Play In Fire Impact Experiments For Steel? | Kintek

Learn how high-temperature box furnaces simulate fire impact on steel to analyze microstructural changes and residual strength for safety standards.

Why Is A Laboratory High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Used For Batio3? Achieve Optimal Tetragonal Crystalline Phases

Learn how muffle furnaces enable precise calcination of BaTiO3 nanopowders to achieve critical tetragonal phases and high chemical purity.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Programmable Furnace In Biomass Proximate Analysis? Optimize Your Fuel Characterization

Learn how programmable furnaces isolate volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash to enable precise biomass kinetic modeling and mineral analysis.

What Is The Mechanism Of A Laboratory Convection Furnace For H13 Ded Steel? Mastering Heat Treatment Precision

Learn how convection furnaces optimize H13 tool steel produced via DED through dual heat transfer, solution treatment, and secondary hardening.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory High-Temperature Muffle Furnace In The Pretreatment Of Peat Clay? Unlock Reactivity

Learn how 600°C calcination in a muffle furnace transforms raw peat clay into a highly reactive mineral additive for membrane filtration systems.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Microwave-Assisted Heating For Pdpc:snzno? Boost Structural Integrity And Speed

Discover how microwave-assisted heating accelerates nanofiber formation and strengthens bonding in PdPc:SnZnO nanocomposites for superior stability.

What Role Does Heating Equipment Play In The Synthesis Of Pdpc? Mastering Precision Thermal Fusion

Learn how heating equipment drives molecular cyclization and metal coordination to synthesize Palladium Phthalocyanine (PdPc) compounds.

Why Is A Muffle Furnace Essential For Sn:zno Nanopowders? Achieve Perfect Crystal Structure And Purity

Learn why muffle furnaces are critical for Sn:ZnO synthesis, from removing impurities to establishing the hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure.

What Function Does A Muffle Furnace Serve In Zto Thin Film Post-Treatment? Optimize Solar Cell Performance

Learn how muffle furnaces drive ZTO thin film crystallization at 500°C, enhancing transparency, density, and stability for solar applications.

How Does A High-Temperature Box Muffle Furnace Convert Mussel Shells To Calcium Oxide? Expert Calcination Guide

Learn how muffle furnaces facilitate the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate in mussel shells into active calcium oxide.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In Analyzing The Combustion Residues? Optimize Your Composite Char Analysis

Learn how muffle furnaces simulate carbonization to analyze char residue, verify flame retardancy, and validate synergistic barrier effects.

What Is The Role Of A High-Temperature Box Furnace In The Synthesis Of Silico-Sulfate-Phosphate Glass Fertilizers?

Learn how high-temperature box furnaces facilitate the 1450°C synthesis of uniform glass fertilizers for enhanced agricultural nutrient release.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In Nhohmm Fabrication? Mastering Precision Solid-State Dewetting

Learn how muffle furnaces enable self-assembly and thermal dewetting of silver nanospheres for NHoHMM structures in inert atmospheres.

Why Is A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Required For Coal Gangue Activation? Unlock Maximum Material Reactivity

Learn why a muffle furnace is essential for transforming coal gangue into reactive metakaolin through precise 700°C thermal activation.

How Does A Muffle Furnace With A Weighing System Benefit Biochar Research? Gain Real-Time Pyrolysis Insights

Learn how integrated weighing systems transform muffle furnaces into TGA tools for biochar research, optimizing mass loss and pyrolysis quality.

What Is The Significance Of Controlling The Heating Rate Of A Muffle Furnace? Master Biochar Pyrolysis Parameters

Learn how muffle furnace heating rates control biochar yield, pore structure, and gas evolution for superior material adsorption performance.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In The Pyrolysis Process For Preparing Softwood Biochar? Expert Insights

Discover how muffle furnaces enable precise temperature control and anaerobic conditions to transform softwood into high-porosity biochar.

What Is The Significance Of Using A Box Resistance Furnace For The 900 °C Sintering Of High-Entropy Alloys?

Learn how box resistance furnaces enable 900°C sintering of high-entropy alloys through atomic migration, diffusion bonding, and phase formation.

What Are The Primary Applications Of A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace In Biomass Fuel Evaluation? Optimize Energy Data

Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces isolate volatiles at 920°C and ash at 700°C to predict biomass briquette combustion and efficiency.

How Does The Programmable Temperature Control Of A High-Precision Box Resistance Furnace Influence The Properties Of Pyrolyzed Composite Materials?

Learn how programmable thermal control dictates the kinetics, graphitization, and microstructural evolution of pyrolyzed composite materials.

What Conditions Does A Muffle Furnace Provide For Carbon Paper Electrodes? Optimize Your Electrode Surface Chemistry

Learn how muffle furnaces provide the uniform high temperatures and controlled air atmospheres needed to modify carbon paper electrode performance.

What Is The Function Of A Forced Convection Oven During The Preparation Of Tih2 Powder From Tio2? Ensure Purity Now

Learn how forced convection ovens eliminate moisture in TiO2 to prevent side reactions and ensure high-purity TiH2 powder synthesis.

Industrial Applications Of High-Temperature Furnaces For Biochar Analysis: Precision Control & Efficiency

Learn how high-temperature programmable furnaces conduct proximate analysis to quantify biochar moisture, volatiles, and ash for industrial gasification.

What Role Does An Industrial High-Temperature Electric Furnace Play? Achieve Precise Carbon Steel Standardization

Learn how high-temperature electric furnaces standardize carbon steel microstructures through precise austenitization and tempering control.

What Is The Role Of High-Temperature Furnaces In 3D-Printed Glass Debinding? Mastering The Silica Foundation

Learn how high-temperature furnaces use precise thermal profiles to remove polymer binders and create pure silica skeletons for 3D-printed glass.

What Is The Function Of A High-Temperature Box Resistance Furnace? Optimize Hierarchical Zeolite Synthesis

Learn how high-temp box furnaces drive zeolite calcination at 450°C to clear pore channels, stabilize structures, and anchor Ni-Co metal catalysts.

How Does A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Facilitate The Conversion Of Precursors Into Spinel-Type Nico2O4?

Learn how muffle furnaces enable NiCo2O4 synthesis through precise thermal decomposition and solid-phase reactions at 300°C.

How Does A Lab Box Furnace With Pid Control Aid Aluminum-Doped Graphitic Carbon Synthesis? Precision Thermal Stability

Learn how PID-controlled box furnaces ensure precise heating rates and isothermal holds for uniform aluminum doping and graphitic carbon synthesis.

What Are The Benefits Of Using A Muffle Furnace For Aluminum-Based Self-Lubricating Composites? Maximize Matrix Hardness

Learn how muffle furnaces optimize aluminum self-lubricating composites through precise solution treatment, aging, and microstructural engineering.

How Does The Constant Temperature Environment Of A Box High-Temperature Furnace Contribute To Phase Transformation?

Learn how constant temperature environments drive atomic diffusion, overcome energy barriers, and ensure phase purity in solid-state synthesis.

Why Is A Muffle Furnace Utilized For Preheating Ni-Bn Or Ni-Tic Powders? Prevent Cladding Defects At 1200°C

Learn why preheating Ni-BN and Ni-TiC powder at 1200°C in a muffle furnace is essential for defect-free cladding and moisture removal.

What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In The Calcination Of Natural Zeolite? Optimize Your Adsorption Studies Today

Learn how muffle furnaces activate natural zeolite through precise thermal control, moisture removal, and pore structure optimization.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Laboratory Infrared Heating Furnace For Pet Waste Conversion? Boost Energy Efficiency

Discover why infrared furnaces outperform conventional heating for PET-to-carbon conversion with 50% energy savings and 60 °C/min heating rates.