The function of a tunnel-type controlled atmosphere annealing furnace is to restore ductility to cold-drawn copper tubes through precise recrystallization. This continuous thermal process relieves internal stresses caused by previous manufacturing steps and modifies the metal's internal structure. By maintaining a specific protective atmosphere, it ensures the tubes achieve uniform softness without surface oxidation, preparing them for complex mechanical shaping.
Core Takeaway Cold drawing makes copper hard and brittle; this furnace reverses that effect to prevent cracking during installation or fabrication. By controlling grain size and hardness within tight tolerances, the furnace ensures the material becomes malleable enough for bending and flaring while maintaining structural integrity.
The Mechanism of Recrystallization
Relieving Processing Stresses
During the cold-drawing process, copper tubes are stretched and compressed, creating significant internal tension. This makes the material hard but prone to failure under further stress. The primary function of the annealing furnace is to heat the material sufficiently to release these accumulated processing stresses.
Formation of New Grains
The heat treatment triggers recrystallization, a process where deformed grains in the metal structure are replaced by a new set of defect-free grains. This microstructural reset is essential for transforming the physical properties of the copper from rigid to flexible.
Precise Grain Size Control
Controlling the size of these new grains is critical for performance. The furnace is calibrated to maintain a grain size typically between 17 and 20 µm. Keeping the grains within this specific range ensures the optimal balance between strength and formability.
Ensuring Material Uniformity
Achieving Consistent Hardness
A key output of this process is the reduction of hardness to a uniform level across the entire batch. The furnace typically targets a hardness value of approximately 35 HV5. This specific level of softness allows the copper to be worked easily without fracturing.
Enabling Mechanical Operations
The restoration of ductility is not an end in itself; it is a requirement for downstream manufacturing. Because of this annealing process, the copper tubes can successfully undergo rigorous mechanical operations, such as bending and flaring, which would shatter untreated, cold-drawn copper.
Continuous Batch Consistency
The "tunnel-type" design facilitates a continuous workflow rather than a static batch process. This ensures that every section of the copper tubing is exposed to identical thermal conditions, resulting in uniform properties throughout the entire production run.
Critical Process Parameters
The Role of Protective Atmosphere
The "controlled atmosphere" aspect is vital to maintaining surface quality. By surrounding the copper with a protective gas mixture during heating, the furnace prevents oxygen from reacting with the hot metal. This ensures the tubes emerge bright and clean, rather than oxidized or discolored.
Temperature Stability
To achieve the specific grain size (17–20 µm) and hardness (35 HV5) mentioned above, temperature stability is non-negotiable. Fluctuations in the furnace temperature would lead to inconsistent grain growth, resulting in sections of tubing that are either too soft or too brittle.
Making the Right Choice for Your Goal
When evaluating the annealing process for copper tubing, focus on the specific mechanical requirements of your final application.
- If your primary focus is intricate shaping (Bending/Flaring): Ensure the process strictly verifies the grain size is kept between 17 and 20 µm to maximize ductility.
- If your primary focus is material consistency: Verify that the furnace achieves a uniform hardness of ~35 HV5 to prevent weak spots in long production runs.
Ultimately, the value of this furnace lies in its ability to turn rigid, stressed copper into a reliable, formable component ready for industrial use.
Summary Table:
| Feature | Specification/Goal | Benefit |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Process | Recrystallization | Restores ductility and relieves internal stress |
| Target Grain Size | 17 - 20 µm | Balances material strength and formability |
| Target Hardness | ~35 HV5 | Ensures uniform softness for bending and flaring |
| Atmosphere Control | Protective Gas Mixture | Prevents surface oxidation and discoloration |
| Workflow Design | Continuous Tunnel-Type | Guarantees batch consistency and thermal uniformity |
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References
- Zeynep Sirel, Mehmet Ali Akoy. Influence of Phosphorus Content and Preheating Conditions on Grain Size of Cu-DHP Copper Tubes. DOI: 10.34088/kojose.1475031
This article is also based on technical information from Kintek Furnace Knowledge Base .
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